The Bible

 

Esekiel 27

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1 Og Herrens ord kom til mig, og det lød så:

2 Og du menneskesønn! Stem i en klagesang over Tyrus!

3 Si til Tyrus, som bor ved havets innløp, som handler med folkene på mange kyster: Så sier Herren, Israels Gud: Tyrus! du sier: Jeg er fullkommen i skjønnhet.

4 Midt i havet er dine landemerker; dine bygningsmenn gjorde din skjønnhet fullkommen.

5 Av cypresser fra Senir bygget de begge dine plankesider; sedrer fra Libanon hentet de for å gjøre mast på dig.

6 Av eker fra Basan gjorde de dine årer; dine rorbenker gjorde de av elfenben innlagt i buksbom fra Kittims øer.

7 Fint utsydd lin fra Egypten var det du foldet ut som ditt flagg; blått og purpurrødt tøi fra Elisa-øene var ditt soltelt.

8 Folk fra Sidon og Arvad var dine rorskarer; de kloke menn som fantes hos dig, Tyrus, var dine styrmenn.

9 Gebals eldste og dets kloke menn var hos dig og bøtte dine brøst; alle havets skib og sjøfolk var hos dig og handlet med dig.

10 Menn fra Persia og Lud og Put gjorde krigstjeneste i din hær; skjold og hjelm hengte de op i dig, de gav dig glans.

11 Arvads sønner stod med din egen hær på dine murer rundt omkring og djerve menn på dine tårn; sine skjold hengte de op på dine murer rundt omkring; de gjorde din skjønnhet fullkommen.

12 Tarsis handlet med dig fordi du var rik på alle slags gods; med sølv, jern, tinn og bly betalte de dine varer.

13 Javan, Tubal og Mesek var dine kremmere; med mennesker* og kobberkar betalte de dine varer. / {* d.e. træler.}

14 Togarma-folket betalte dine varer med vognhester og ridehester og mulesler.

15 Dedans sønner var dine kremmere; mange kystland mottok varer av din hånd, elfenben og ibenholt gav de dig til betaling.

16 Syria handlet med dig fordi du var rik på alle slags kunstarbeider; med karfunkler, purpur og utsydd tøi og fint lin og koraller og rubiner betalte de dine varer.

17 Juda og Israels land var dine kremmere; med hvete fra Minnit og søte kaker og honning og olje og balsam betalte de dine varer.

18 Damaskus handlet med dig fordi du var rik på alle slags kunstarbeider, på allslags gods; de kom med vin fra Helbon og hvit ull.

19 Vedan og Javan fra Usal betalte dine varer, så skinnende jern, kassia og kalmus kom i din handel.

20 Dedan handlet med dig med dekkener til å ride på.

21 Arabia og alle Kedars fyrster mottok varer av din hånd; med lam og værer og bukker handlet de med dig.

22 Sjebas og amas kremmere var dine kremmere; med beste slag av allehånde velluktende urter og med allehånde kostbare stener og gull betalte de dine varer.

23 Karan og Kanne og Eden, Sjebas kremmere, Assur og Kilmad handlet med dig;

24 de handlet med dig med prektige klær, med kapper av purpurfarvede og utsydde tøier og med hele skatter av tvunnet, mangefarvet garn, med tvunne og sterke snorer på ditt marked.

25 Tarsis-skib var dine karavaner, de drev din handel, og du blev fylt og overmåte rik, der du lå midt ute i havet.

26 På store vann førte dine rorskarer dig ut - østenvinden knuser dig midt i havet.

27 Ditt gods og dine varer, din handel, dine sjøfolk og dine styrmenn, de som bøter dine brøst, og de som driver din handel, alle de krigsmenn du har hos dig, og hele det mannskap du har ombord, skal falle midt ute i havet på den dag du faller.

28 Ved lyden av dine styrmenns skrik skal dine marker beve.

29 Og de skal stige ut av sine skib, alle de som sitter ved årene, sjøfolkene og alle styrmenn på havet; de skal gå i land.

30 De skal bryte ut i jammerrop over dig, og de skal kaste støv på sine hoder og velte sig i asken.

31 De skal rake sig skallet for din skyld og binde sekk om sig, og de skal gråte over dig i bitter sorg, med bitter veklage.

32 I sin jammer skal de stemme i en klagesang over dig og si: Hvem er lik Tyrus, den stad som nu er blitt taus, der den ligger midt ute i havet?

33 Da dine varer kom inn fra havene, mettet du mange folkeslag; med alt ditt gods og alle dine varer gjorde du jordens konger rike.

34 Nu, da du er knust og er sunket i havets dyp, er dine varer og hele ditt mannskap gått til grunne med dig.

35 Alle de som bor i kystlandene, skal forferdes over dig, og deres konger skal gyse med redsel i sine ansikter.

36 Kjøbmennene rundt om blandt folkene skal spotte over dig: En redsel er du blitt, og du er blitt borte - for evig tid.

   

Commentary

 

Wine

  

Wine played a key role in the ancient world, where safe, reliable water sources were scarce. It could be stored for long periods of time; if lightly fermented it was rich in sugar content; it was high in mineral content; it tasted good and generally had intoxicating qualities. Thus it was a valuable commodity and treated with reverence.

Wine is, of course, made from grapes. Grapes – sweet, juicy, nutritious and full of energy-rich fructose – represent the Lord's own exquisite desire to be good to us. That's powerful stuff! But grapes have a short shelf life; you might eat a bunch for a burst of energy, but you can't exactly carry them around with you for long-term sustenance. And so it is with desires for good: They tend to come to us in energizing bursts, but fade away fairly quickly. We need something more stable and lasting.

At some point in the distant past people figured out that if you squeeze the juice from the grapes and let it ferment, the result is a liquid that offers that stability: wine. The spiritual meaning works the same way; if we examine our desires for good, try to understand and think about how to apply them, what we will get are concepts about what good really is, how to recognize it and how to make it happen. And just like the wine, these ideas offer stability and portability. For instance, finding a wallet full of cash on the sidewalk might severely test our desire to be honest, but the idea that "you shall not steal" is pretty hard to shake.

Wine, then, on the deepest level represents divine truth flowing from divine goodness – the true principles that arise from the fact that the Lord loves us and desires everything good for us.

Wine comes in many varieties, though, and is used in many ways. Depending on context it can represent truth that arises from a desire for good on much more mundane levels. You want your children to be healthy so you make them brush their teeth even though they complain and it's a pain in the neck; the truth that brushing their teeth is good for them is wine on a very day-to-day level.

In some cases wine can also actually represent good things that arise from true ideas, something of a reverse from its inmost meaning. This happens when we are in transitional stages, setting higher ideas and principles above our less-worthy desires in an effort to reshape our actions. In that case our principles are the things being squeezed, with good habits the result.

There is also, of course, a darker side to wine. There is a good deal of debate about just how much alcohol wine had in Biblical times, and some of it may indeed have been more like concentrated grape juice. But there are also many references to wine and drunkeness, so some of it, at least, was fairly potent.

On a spiritual level, getting drunk on wine represents relying too much on our ideas, taking logic to such an extreme that we forget the good things we were trying to achieve in the first place.

(References: Apocalypse Explained 376 [1-40], 1152; Apocalypse Revealed 316, 635; Arcana Coelestia 1071 [1-5], 1727, 3580 [1-4], 5117 [7], 6377, 10137 [1-10]; The Apocalypse Explained 329 [2-4]; The New Jerusalem and its Heavenly Doctrine 219)

From Swedenborg's Works

 

Apocalypse Revealed #316

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316. "And do not harm the oil and the wine." This symbolizes the Lord's provision that they not violate and profane the goods and truths concealed inwardly in the Word.

Oil symbolizes the goodness of love, and wine the truth springing from that goodness. Thus the oil here symbolizes sacred goodness, and the wine sacred truth. The Lord's provision that these not be violated and profaned is symbolized by the people's being told not to harm them. For this instruction came from the midst of the four living creatures, thus from the Lord (no. 314). Whatever the Lord says He also provides. That this is something He provides may be seen in nos. 314 and 255 above.

That oil symbolizes the goodness of love - this we will see in nos. 778, 779 below.

That wine symbolizes the truth springing from that goodness is clear from the following passages:

Everyone who thirsts, come to the waters; and you who have no money, come, buy and eat. Yes..., buy wine and milk without money... (Isaiah 55:1)

It shall come to pass in that day that the mountains will drip new wine, and the hills flow with milk... (Joel 3:18, cf. Amos 9:13-14)

Joy is taken away... from Carmel, and in the vineyards there will be no singing... No treaders will tread out wine in the presses; I have made their shouting cease. (Isaiah 16:10, cf. Jeremiah 48:32-33)

Carmel symbolizes the spiritual church, because it had vineyards there.

[2] ...wail, all you drinkers of wine, because of the new wine, for it has been cut off from your mouth... The vinedressers have wailed... (Joel 1:5, 10-11)

Almost the same images occur in Hosea 9:2-3.

He washes his clothing in wine, and His vesture in the blood of grapes. His eyes are red with wine... (Genesis 49:11-12)

The subject is the Lord, and the wine symbolizes Divine truth. That is why the Lord instituted the Holy Supper, in which the bread symbolizes the Lord in respect to Divine good, and the wine the Lord in respect to Divine truth; and in their recipients the bread symbolizes a sacred goodness, and the wine sacred truth, received from the Lord. Therefore He said,

I say to you, that I will not drink of this fruit of the vine from now on until that day when I drink it new with you... in My Father's kingdom. (Matthew 26:29, cf. Luke 22:18)

Because bread and wine have these symbolic meanings, so too Melchizedek, going to meet Abram, brought out bread and wine, he being a priest of God Most High, and he blessed Abram (Genesis 14:18-19).

[3] The grain offering and drink offering used in sacrifices had similar symbolic meanings, as described in Exodus 29:40, Leviticus 23:12-13, 18-19ff. The grain offering was an offering of wheat flour, thus taking the place of bread, and the drink offering was an offering of wine.

It can be seen from this what these words of the Lord symbolize:

Nor do they put new wine into old wineskins... But they put the... wine into new wineskins, and both are preserved. (Matthew 9:17, cf. Luke 5:37-38)

New wine is the Divine truth in the New Testament, thus in the New Church, and the old wine is the Divine truth in the Old Testament, thus in the old church.

A similar idea is symbolized by these words of the Lord at the wedding in Cana of Galilee:

Every man at the beginning sets out the good wine, and when the guests have well drunk, then the inferior. You have kept the good wine until now! (John 2:1-10)

[4] Something similar is symbolized by the wine in the Lord's parable concerning the man wounded by thieves, on whose wound the Samaritan poured oil and wine (Luke 10:33-34); for the man wounded by thieves means people whom the Jews wounded spiritually by evils and falsities, and to whom the Samaritan brought aid by pouring oil and wine on their wounds, that is, by teaching them goodness and truth, and as far as possible, healing them.

Sacred truth is symbolized by wine and new wine also elsewhere in the Word, as in Isaiah 1:21-22; 25:6; 36:17.

[5] Because of this, a vineyard in the Word symbolizes a church that possesses truths from the Lord.

That wine symbolizes sacred truth can be seen also from its opposite meaning, in which it symbolizes truth falsified and profaned, as in the following places:

Harlotry, wine, and new wine have taken hold of the heart... Their wine is gone, they commit harlotry continually. (Hosea 4:11, 18)

Harlotry symbolizes the falsification of truth, and so, too, do the wine and new wine here.

...in the hand of Jehovah a cup, and He mixed it with wine; He filled it with the mixture and poured it out, and its dregs shall all the wicked of the earth, sucking, drink. (Psalms 75:8)

Babylon was a golden cup in Jehovah's hand, that made all the earth drunk. The nations drank her wine; therefore they are deranged. (Jeremiah 51:7)

Babylon has fallen..., because she has made all nations drink of the wine of the wrath of her fornication... If anyone worships the beast..., he shall also drink of the wine of the wrath of God, which is mixed with undiluted wine in the cup of the wrath (of God). (Revelation 14:8-10)

(Babylon has made) all the nations (drink) of the wine... of her fornication. (Revelation 18:3)

...great Babylon was remembered before God, to give her the cup of the wine of the fury of His wrath. (Revelation 16:19)

...the inhabitants of the earth were made drunk with the wine of her fornication. (Revelation 17:1-2)

[6] The wine that Belshazzar, the king of Babylon, and his lords and wives and concubines drank from the vessels of the Temple in Jerusalem, while they praised the gods of gold, silver, bronze, iron, wood, and stone (Daniel 5:2-4) - that wine symbolized nothing else but the sacred truth of the Word and church profaned, which is why the writing then appeared on the wall, and the king that very night was slain (Daniel 5:25, 30)

Wine symbolizes truth falsified also in Isaiah 5:11-12, 21-22; 28:1, 3, 7; 29:9; 56:11-12.

The drink offering that they poured out as an offering to idols has the same symbolic meaning in Isaiah 65:11; 57:6; Jeremiah 7:18; 44:17-19; Ezekiel 20:28; Deuteronomy 32:38.

It is owing to its correspondence that wine symbolizes sacred truth, and in an opposite sense, truth profaned. For when a person reads "wine" in the Word, angels - who apprehend everything spiritually - have just this interpretation of it. Such is the correspondence between the natural thoughts of people and the spiritual thoughts of angels. The case is the same with the wine in the Holy Supper. That is why the Holy Supper occasions an introduction into heaven (no. 224 at the end).

  
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Many thanks to the General Church of the New Jerusalem, and to Rev. N.B. Rogers, translator, for the permission to use this translation.