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Levitico 23

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1 L’Eterno parlò ancora a Mosè, dicendo:

2 "Parla ai figliuoli d’Israele e di’ loro: Ecco le solennità dell’Eterno, che voi bandirete come sante convocazioni. Le mie solennità son queste.

3 Durante sei giorni si attenderà al lavoro; ma il settimo giorno è sabato, giorno di completo riposo e di santa convocazione. Non farete in esso lavoro alcuno; è un riposo consacrato all’Eterno in tutti i luoghi dove abiterete.

4 Queste sono le solennità dell’Eterno, le sante convocazioni che bandirete ai tempi stabiliti.

5 Il primo mese, il quattordicesimo giorno del mese, sull’imbrunire, sarà la Pasqua dell’Eterno;

6 e il quindicesimo giorno dello stesso mese sarà la festa dei pani azzimi in onore dell’Eterno; per sette giorni mangerete pane senza lievito.

7 Il primo giorno avrete una santa convocazione; non farete in esso alcuna opera servile;

8 e per sette giorni offrirete all’Eterno de’ sacrifizi mediante il fuoco. Il settimo giorno si avrà una santa convocazione, non farete alcuna opera servile".

9 L’Eterno parlò ancora a Mosè, dicendo:

10 "Parla ai figliuoli d’Israele, di’ loro: Quando sarete entrati nel paese che io vi do e ne mieterete la raccolta, porterete al sacerdote una mannella, come primizia della vostra raccolta;

11 e il sacerdote agiterà la mannella davanti all’Eterno, perché sia gradita per il vostro bene; il sacerdote l’agiterà il giorno dopo il sabato.

12 E il giorno che agiterete la mannella, offrirete un agnello di un anno, che sia senza difetto, come olocausto all’Eterno.

13 L’oblazione che l’accompagna sarà di due decimi di un efa di fior di farina intrisa con olio, come sacrifizio mediante il fuoco, di soave odore all’Eterno; la libazione sarà d’un quarto di un hin di vino.

14 Non mangerete pane, né grano arrostito, né spighe fresche, fino a quel giorno, fino a che abbiate portata l’offerta al vostro Dio. E’ una legge perpetua, di generazione in generazione, in tutti i luoghi dove abiterete.

15 Dall’indomani del sabato, dal giorno che avrete portato la mannella dell’offerta agitata, conterete sette settimane intere.

16 Conterete cinquanta giorni fino all’indomani del settimo sabato, e offrirete all’Eterno una nuova oblazione.

17 Porterete dai luoghi dove abiterete due pani per un’offerta agitata, i quali saranno di due decimi di un efa di fior di farina e cotti con del lievito; sono le primizie offerte all’Eterno.

18 E con que’ pani offrirete sette agnelli dell’anno, senza difetto, un giovenco e due montoni, che saranno un olocausto all’Eterno assieme alla loro oblazione e alle loro libazioni; sarà un sacrifizio di soave odore fatto mediante il fuoco all’Eterno.

19 E offrirete un capro come sacrifizio per il peccato, e due agnelli dell’anno come sacrifizio di azioni di grazie.

20 Il sacerdote agiterà gli agnelli col pane delle primizie, come offerta agitata davanti all’Eterno; e tanto i pani quanto i due agnelli consacrati all’Eterno apparterranno al sacerdote.

21 In quel medesimo giorno bandirete la festa, e avrete una santa convocazione. Non farete alcun’opera servile. E’ una legge perpetua, di generazione in generazione, in tutti i luoghi dove abiterete.

22 Quando mieterete la raccolta della vostra terra, non mieterai fino all’ultimo canto il tuo campo, e non raccoglierai ciò che resta da spigolare della tua raccolta; lo lascerai per il povero e per il forestiero. Io sono l’Eterno, l’Iddio vostro".

23 L’Eterno parlò ancora a Mosè, dicendo:

24 "Parla ai figliuoli d’Israele, di’ loro: Il settimo mese, il primo giorno del mese avrete un riposo solenne, una commemorazione fatta a suon di tromba, una santa convocazione.

25 Non farete alcun’opera servile, e offrirete all’Eterno dei sacrifizi mediante il fuoco".

26 L’Eterno parlò ancora a Mosè, dicendo:

27 "Il decimo giorno di questo settimo mese sarà il giorno delle espiazioni; avrete una santa convocazione, umilierete le anime vostre e offrirete all’Eterno de’ sacrifizi mediante il fuoco.

28 In quel giorno non farete alcun lavoro; poiché è un giorno d’espiazione, destinato a fare espiazione per voi davanti all’Eterno, ché l’Iddio vostro.

29 Poiché, ogni persona che non si umilierà in quel giorno, sarà sterminata di fra il suo popolo.

30 E ogni persona che farà in quel giorno qualsivoglia lavoro, io la distruggerò di fra il suo popolo.

31 Non farete alcun lavoro. E’ una legge perpetua, di generazione in generazione, in tutti i luoghi dove abiterete.

32 Sarà per voi un sabato di completo riposo, e umilierete le anime vostre; il nono giorno del mese, dalla sera alla sera seguente, celebrerete il vostro sabato".

33 L’Eterno parlò ancora a Mosè, dicendo:

34 "Parla ai figliuoli d’Israele, e di’ loro: Il quindicesimo giorno di questo settimo mese sarà la festa delle Capanne, durante sette giorni, in onore dell’Eterno.

35 Il primo giorno vi sarà una santa convocazione; non farete alcuna opera servile.

36 Per sette giorni offrirete all’Eterno dei sacrifizi mediante il fuoco. L’ottavo giorno avrete una santa convocazione, e offrirete all’Eterno dei sacrifizi mediante il fuoco. E’ giorno di solenne raunanza; non farete alcuna opera servile.

37 Queste sono le solennità dell’Eterno che voi bandirete come sante convocazioni, perché si offrano all’Eterno sacrifizi mediante il fuoco, olocausti e oblazioni, vittime e libazioni, ogni cosa al giorno stabilito,

38 oltre i sabati dell’Eterno, oltre i vostri doni, oltre tutti i vostri voti e tutte le offerte volontarie che presenterete all’Eterno.

39 Or il quindicesimo giorno del settimo mese, quando avrete raccolto i frutti della terra, celebrerete una festa all’Eterno, durante sette giorni; il primo giorno sarà di completo riposo; e l’ottavo, di completo riposo.

40 Il primo giorno prenderete del frutto di alberi d’ornamento: rami di palma, rami dalla verzura folta e salci de’ torrenti, e vi rallegrerete dinanzi all’Eterno, ch’è l’Iddio vostro, durante sette giorni.

41 Celebrerete questa festa in onore dell’Eterno per sette giorni, ogni anno. E’ una legge perpetua, di generazione in generazione. La celebrerete il settimo mese.

42 Dimorerete in capanne durante sette giorni; tutti quelli che saranno nativi d’Israele dimoreranno in capanne,

43 affinché i vostri discendenti sappiano che io feci dimorare in capanne i figliuoli d’Israele, quando li trassi fuori dal paese d’Egitto. Io sono l’Eterno, l’Iddio vostro".

44 Così Mosè dette ai figliuoli d’Israele le istruzioni relative alle solennità dell’Eterno.

   

Komentář

 

Wine

  

Wine played a key role in the ancient world, where safe, reliable water sources were scarce. It could be stored for long periods of time; if lightly fermented it was rich in sugar content; it was high in mineral content; it tasted good and generally had intoxicating qualities. Thus it was a valuable commodity and treated with reverence.

Wine is, of course, made from grapes. Grapes – sweet, juicy, nutritious and full of energy-rich fructose – represent the Lord's own exquisite desire to be good to us. That's powerful stuff! But grapes have a short shelf life; you might eat a bunch for a burst of energy, but you can't exactly carry them around with you for long-term sustenance. And so it is with desires for good: They tend to come to us in energizing bursts, but fade away fairly quickly. We need something more stable and lasting.

At some point in the distant past people figured out that if you squeeze the juice from the grapes and let it ferment, the result is a liquid that offers that stability: wine. The spiritual meaning works the same way; if we examine our desires for good, try to understand and think about how to apply them, what we will get are concepts about what good really is, how to recognize it and how to make it happen. And just like the wine, these ideas offer stability and portability. For instance, finding a wallet full of cash on the sidewalk might severely test our desire to be honest, but the idea that "you shall not steal" is pretty hard to shake.

Wine, then, on the deepest level represents divine truth flowing from divine goodness – the true principles that arise from the fact that the Lord loves us and desires everything good for us.

Wine comes in many varieties, though, and is used in many ways. Depending on context it can represent truth that arises from a desire for good on much more mundane levels. You want your children to be healthy so you make them brush their teeth even though they complain and it's a pain in the neck; the truth that brushing their teeth is good for them is wine on a very day-to-day level.

In some cases wine can also actually represent good things that arise from true ideas, something of a reverse from its inmost meaning. This happens when we are in transitional stages, setting higher ideas and principles above our less-worthy desires in an effort to reshape our actions. In that case our principles are the things being squeezed, with good habits the result.

There is also, of course, a darker side to wine. There is a good deal of debate about just how much alcohol wine had in Biblical times, and some of it may indeed have been more like concentrated grape juice. But there are also many references to wine and drunkeness, so some of it, at least, was fairly potent.

On a spiritual level, getting drunk on wine represents relying too much on our ideas, taking logic to such an extreme that we forget the good things we were trying to achieve in the first place.

(Odkazy: Apocalypse Explained 376 [1-40], 1152; Apocalypse Revealed 316, 635; Arcana Coelestia 1071 [1-5], 1727, 3580 [1-4], 5117 [7], 6377, 10137 [1-10]; The Apocalypse Explained 329 [2-4]; The New Jerusalem and its Heavenly Doctrine 219)

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Arcana Coelestia # 6377

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6377. 'He washes his clothing in wine' means that His Natural consists in Divine Truth from His Divine Good. This is clear from the meaning of 'washing' as purifying, dealt with in 3147; from the meaning of 'wine' as the good of love towards the neighbour and the good of faith, and in the highest sense as Divine Truth from the Lord's Divine Good, dealt with below; and from the meaning of 'clothing' as the exterior which covers the interior, dealt with in 5248, thus the natural since this is exterior and covers the rational, which is interior. Therefore 'clothing' also means truth since this is exterior and covers good, which is interior, 2576, 4545, 4763, 5319, 5954.

[2] The fact that 'wine' means love towards the neighbour and the good of faith may be recognized from what has been shown regarding the bread and wine in the Holy Supper, in 2165, 2177, 3464, 4581, 5915. These paragraphs show that 'bread' is the good of celestial love, and that 'wine' is the good of spiritual love. The same may also be recognized from the minchah and the drink-offering in sacrifices. The minchah in them meant the good of love, and the drink-offering the good of faith. The minchah consisted of the kinds of things that meant the good of love, while the drink-offering consisted of wine that meant the good of faith. The sacrifices themselves were also called 'bread', 2165. For the use in sacrifices of a drink-offering consisting of wine, see Exodus 29:40; Leviticus 23:12-13, 18-19; Numbers 15:2-15; 28:6-7, 18-end; 29:1-7 and following verses.

[3] The meaning that 'wine' has of love towards the neighbour and the good of faith is also evident in Isaiah,

Everyone who thirsts, come to the waters; and he who has no money, come, buy and eat! And come, buy wine and milk without money and without price. Isaiah 55:1.

No one can fail to see that they did not have to buy wine and milk, but that they were to acquire what is meant by 'wine and milk', which is love towards the neighbour and faith. These gifts come from the Lord 'without money and without price'.

[4] In Hosea,

Threshing-floor and winepress will not feed them, and new wine will be deceptive to her. 1 Ephraim will return to Egypt, and in Assyria they will eat what is unclean. They will not pour libations of wine to Jehovah, their sacrifices will not be pleasing to Him. Hosea 9:1-4.

Here also in the internal sense reference is made to the good of love and the good of faith, to the demise of them. The good of love is meant by 'threshing-floor' by virtue of the grain there and the bread made from it, while the good of faith is meant by 'winepress', 'new wine', and 'libation of wine'. 'Ephraim will return to Egypt' stands for the fact that the understanding would resort to factual knowledge for advice concerning the arcana of faith; 'in Assyria they will eat what is unclean' stands for that which is the outcome of consequent false reasoning - 'Ephraim' being the area of understanding in the Church, see 5754, 6112, 6238, 6267; 'Egypt' the area of factual knowledge, 1164, 1165, 1186, 1462, 5702; and 'Assyria' that of reasoning, 1186. The line of thought in this passage also shows that the words used here contain something more than what one sees in the letter. For everything hangs together in the internal sense, but not so in the external sense, for example when it says that 'threshing-floor and winepress will not feed them, and new wine will be deceptive to her', immediately followed by 'Ephraim will return to Egypt, and in Assyria they will eat what is unclean'. Moreover, without the internal sense what meaning would Ephraim's return to Egypt and their eating in Assyria what is unclean have?

[5] 'Winepress' and 'wine' are also used in Jeremiah to describe the demise of mutual love and the good of faith,

He who lays waste has fallen on your vintage, therefore joy and gladness have been plucked from Carmel, and from the land of Moab, for I have made the wine cease from the winepresses; none will tread the headed. 2 Jeremiah 48:32-33.

[6] The fact that 'wine' means the good of mutual love and of faith is also evident in John,

I heard a voice from the midst of the four living creatures, saying, Do no harm to oil and wine. Revelation 6:6.

[7] 'Oil' stands for the good of celestial love, and 'wine' for the good of spiritual love.

'Oil' and 'wine' have a similar meaning in the Lord's parable of the Good Samaritan in Luke,

A certain Samaritan was journeying, and seeing him who had been wounded by the robbers was moved with compassion for him; going therefore to him, he bandaged his wounds, and poured on oil and wine. Luke 10:33-34.

'He poured on oil and wine' means that he performed the works of love and charity, 'oil' being the good of love, see 886, 3728. A like meaning was involved in the practice of the ancients, who poured oil and wine onto a pillar when they consecrated it, Genesis 35:14, 4581, 4582.

[8] The fact that 'wine' means the good of love and faith is evident from the words the Lord used when He instituted the Holy Supper. He said then regarding the wine,

I tell you that I shall not drink from now on of this fruit of the vine until that day when I drink it new with you in My Father's kingdom. Matthew 26:29; Luke 22:17-18.

Anyone can see that He was not about to drink wine in that kingdom, but that the good of love and faith is meant, which He was about to impart to those who belonged to His kingdom. Much the same is meant by 'wine' in Isaiah 24:9, 11; Lamentations 2:11-12; Hosea 14:7; Amos 9:13-14; Zechariah 9:15-16; Luke 5:37-39.

[9] Since 'wine' means the good of love and faith, Divine Truth from the Lord's Divine Good is therefore meant in the highest sense, for that Truth, when it flows into a person and is accepted by him, brings him the good of love and faith.

[10] Since most things in the Word also have a contrary meaning, so too does 'wine', the contrary meaning of which is falsity from evil, as in Isaiah,

Woe to those who rise in the morning around dawn, and then follow strong drink, who continue into dusk, so that wine may inflame them! Woe to heroes at drinking wine, and to valiant men in mixing strong drink! Isaiah 5:11, 22

In the same prophet,

Also these err through wine, and go astray through strong drink. The priest and the prophet err through strong drink. They are swallowed up by wine, they go astray through strong drink. They err among the seers, they are tottery in judgement. Isaiah 28:7.

In the same prophet,

The shepherds know no understanding, they all look to their own way. Come, I will get wine, and we will be drunken from strong drink; and let there be tomorrow, as there is this day, great abundance. Isaiah 56:11-12.

In addition to these places 'wine' is used with the contrary meaning in Jeremiah 13:12; Hosea 4:11; 7:5; Amos 2:8; Micah 2:11; Psalms 75:8; Deuteronomy 32:33.

Falsity from evil is also meant by the cup of the wine of wrath in Jeremiah 25:15-16; Revelation 14:8, 10; 16:19; the winepress of the wrath of God's anger, Revelation 19:15; and the wine of whoredom, Revelation 17:2; 18:3.

Poznámky pod čarou:

1. The Latin means them but the Hebrew means her, which Swedenborg has in other places where he quotes this verse, as well as possibly here in his rough draft.

  
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Thanks to the Swedenborg Society for the permission to use this translation.