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Giudici 1

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1 Dopo la morte di Giosuè, i figliuoli d’Israele consultarono l’Eterno, dicendo: "Chi di noi salirà il primo contro i Cananei a muover loro guerra?"

2 E l’Eterno rispose: "Salirà Giuda; ecco, io ho dato il paese nelle sue mani".

3 Allora Giuda disse a Simeone suo fratello: "Sali meco nel paese che m’è toccato a sorte, e combatteremo contro i Cananei; poi anch’io andrò teco in quello ch’è toccato a te". E Simeone andò con lui.

4 Giuda dunque salì, e l’Eterno diede nelle loro mani i Cananei e i Ferezei; e sconfissero a Bezek diecimila uomini.

5 E, trovato Adoni-Bezek a Bezek, l’attaccarono, e sconfissero i Cananei e i Ferezei.

6 Adoni-Bezek si diè alla fuga; ma essi lo inseguirono, lo presero, e gli tagliarono i pollici delle mani de’ piedi.

7 E Adoni-Bezek disse: "Settanta re, a cui erano stati tagliati i pollici delle mani e de’ piedi raccoglievano gli avanzi del cibo sotto la mia mensa. Quello che ho fatto io, Iddio me lo rende". E lo menarono a Gerusalemme, dove morì.

8 I figliuoli di Giuda attaccarono Gerusalemme, e la presero; passarono gli abitanti a fil di spada e misero la città a fuoco e fiamma.

9 Poi i figliuoli di Giuda scesero a combattere contro i Cananei che abitavano la contrada montuosa, il mezzogiorno e la regione bassa.

10 Giuda marciò contro i Cananei che abitavano a Hebron, (il cui nome era prima Kiriath-Arba) e sconfisse Sceshai, Ahiman e Talmai.

11 Di la marciò contro gli abitanti di Debir, che prima si chiamava Kiriath-Sefer.

12 E Caleb disse: "A chi batterà Kiriath-Sefer e la prenderà io darò in moglie Acsa, mia figliuola".

13 La prese Othniel, figliuolo di Kenaz, fratello minore di Caleb, e questi gli diede in moglie Acsa sua figliuola.

14 E quand’ella venne a star con lui, lo persuase a chiedere un campo al padre di lei. Essa scese di sull’asino, e Caleb le disse: "Che vuoi?"

15 E quella rispose: "Fammi un dono; giacché tu m’hai data una terra arida dammi anche delle sorgenti d’acqua". Ed egli le donò le sorgenti superiori e le sorgenti sottostanti.

16 Or i figliuoli del Keneo, suocero di Mosè, salirono dalla città delle palme, coi figliuoli di Giuda, nel deserto di Giuda, che è a mezzogiorno di Arad; andarono, e si stabilirono fra il popolo.

17 Poi Giuda partì con Simeone suo fratello, e sconfissero i Cananei che abitavano in Tsefath; distrussero interamente la città, che fu chiamata Hormah.

18 Giuda prese anche Gaza col suo territorio, Askalon col suo territorio ed Ekron col suo territorio.

19 L’Eterno fu con Giuda, che cacciò gli abitanti della contrada montuosa, ma non poté cacciare gli abitanti della valle, perché aveano de’ carri di ferro.

20 E, come Mosè avea detto, Hebron fu data a Caleb, che ne scacciò i tre figliuoli di Anak.

21 I figliuoli di Beniamino non cacciarono i Gebusei che abitavano Gerusalemme; e i Gebusei hanno abitato coi figliuoli di Beniamino in Gerusalemme fino al dì d’oggi.

22 La casa di Giuseppe salì anch’essa contro Bethel, e l’Eterno fu con loro.

23 La casa di Giuseppe mandò ad esplorare Bethel, città che prima si chiamava Luz.

24 E gli esploratori videro un uomo che usciva dalla città, e gli dissero: "Deh, insegnaci la via per entrare nella città, e noi ti tratteremo benignamente".

25 Egli insegnò loro la via per entrare nella città, ed essi passarono la città a fil di spada, ma lasciarono andare quell’uomo con tutta la sua famiglia.

26 E quell’uomo andò nel paese degli Hittei e vi edificò una città, che chiamò Luz: nome, ch’essa porta anche al dì d’oggi.

27 Manasse pure non cacciò gli abitanti di Beth-Scean e delle città del suo territorio né quelli di Taanac e delle città del suo territorio, né quelli di Dor e delle città del suo territorio, quelli d’Ibleam e delle città del suo territorio, né quelli di Meghiddo e delle città del suo territorio, essendo i Cananei decisi a restare in quel paese.

28 Però, quando Israele si fu rinforzato, assoggettò i Cananei a servitù, ma non li cacciò del tutto.

29 Efraim anch’esso non cacciò i Cananei che abitavano a Ghezer; e i Cananei abitarono in Ghezer in mezzo ad Efraim.

30 Zabulon non cacciò gli abitanti di Kitron, né gli abitanti di Nahalol; e i Cananei abitarono in mezzo a Zabulon e furon soggetti a servitù.

31 Ascer non cacciò gli abitanti di Acco, né gli abitanti di Sidone, né quelli di Ahlab, di Aczib, di Helba, di Afik, di Rehob;

32 e i figliuoli di Ascer si stabilirono in mezzo ai Cananei che abitavano il paese, perché non li scacciarono.

33 Neftali non caccio gli abitanti di Beth-Scemesh, né gli abitanti di Beth-Anath, e si stabilì in mezzo ai Cananei che abitavano il paese; ma gli abitanti di Beth-Scemesh e di Beth-Anath furon da loro sottoposti a servitù.

34 Gli Amorei respinsero i figliuoli di Dan nella contrada montuosa e non li lasciarono scendere nella valle.

35 Gli Amorei si mostrarono decisi a restare a Har-Heres, ad Aialon ed a Shaalbim; ma la mano della casa di Giuseppe si aggravò su loro sì che furon soggetti a servitù.

36 E il confine degli Amorei si estendeva dalla salita di Akrabbim, movendo da Sela, e su verso il nord.

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Exploring the Meaning of Judges 1

Napsal(a) New Christian Bible Study Staff, Julian Duckworth

Judges 1: The continuing conquest of Canaan.

The book of Judges follows on almost seamlessly from Joshua. It is called ‘Judges’ because a number of regional leaders arose and made judgments for the people, often actively defending Israel from outside oppression. A pattern emerges in Judges: Israel disobeys the Lord – an enemy oppresses Israel – the Lord raises a leader – the leader is victorious against the enemy – there is peace for a time – Israel disobeys the Lord again.

There were twelve judges in all, about whom we either hear very much or next to nothing. The number twelve (as with the twelve tribes of Israel, the twelve disciples, and other examples in the Word), stands for all the various aspects of spirituality that we need to understand, develop, and put to use. A clue is often found in the meaning of their names, because biblical names are nearly always linked to spiritual qualities, such as ‘courage’, or ‘one who walks with God’ (see Swedenborg’s work, Arcana Caelestia 10216).

The theme of this first chapter is the further conquest of the land. The Israelites asked the Lord, “Who shall go up and fight for us?” And the Lord said that the tribe of Judah would go, because the Lord had delivered the land into their hand. Judah then called on the tribe of Simeon to join them, and they won many battles against the Canaanites still in the land.

One Canaanite king, Adoni-bezek, fled and was captured by the Israelites, who then cut off his thumbs and big toes. Adoni-bezek said that God had dealt justice by punishing him, as he had previously cut off seventy kings’ thumbs and big toes, and they had to gather scraps of food under his table.

Then Caleb, a leader of Israel during the journey through the wilderness, said that the man who took Kirjath-sepher (Caleb’s inheritance city) from the Canaanites would marry his daughter, Achsah. Caleb’s nephew, Othniel, took the city and Achsah was given to him. Achsah asked her father for the blessing of springs of water, and Caleb gave her the upper and lower springs.

Next, spies were sent to Bethel. They met a man there, and said that if he directed them the entrance to the city, they would show him mercy. He helped them, and they took the city but showed mercy on the man and all his family. After all of this, the man built a new city called Luz in the land of the Hittites.

The chapter ends by listing the twelve tribes, as well as the Canaanite peoples who remained unsubdued in each of their territories.

*****

The overarching spiritual theme of Judges is the process of our regeneration. As the opening of Judges reminds us, there were still parts of the land and various tribes that Israel needed to conquer. In fact, the Israelites never finished driving enemies out of their land. In the same way, we need to control our inherited human nature, but it is never completely wiped out (see Swedenborg’s work, Divine Love and Wisdom 238).

During regeneration, we will discover deeper and subtler self-centered states in ourselves, which need to be mitigated. Each judge raised by the Lord stands for our determination to deal with these states, using the Word as a guide. This brings us a period of peace, followed by the start of another personal discovery.

When the Israelites chose which tribes would fight for them, it was no coincidence that they selected Judah and Simeon. Judah (who was a prominent tribe of Israel) and Simeon (who usually acts with another tribe) stand for the highest things in our spiritual life: our love for the Lord, and our obedience to the Lord’s Word. Choosing Judah and Simeon as our strength will always bring victory in our regeneration (see Arcana Caelestia 3654 and Apocalypse Explained 443).

The spiritual meaning in the story of Adoni-bezek is about taking away the power of our self-love, as cutting off thumbs and big toes makes hands and feet virtually useless. When we work on our lower nature, we are to minimize its control over us. It is the same with any influences from hell; their power must end. Adoni-bezek’s comment about doing the same to seventy kings vividly describes how self-love can only lead to our downfall (Arcana Caelestia 10062[4]).

The delightful story of Caleb, Achsah and Othniel illustrates that after battle, there is rest and reward. In the same way, we strengthen the ‘marriage’ of good and truth in us after overcoming spiritual struggles (see Swedenborg’s work, Divine Love and Wisdom 409). The springs of water given to Achsah stand for the truths which flow into our mind, both about the ‘upper’ things of the Lord and heaven, and those ‘lower’ ones about spiritual life and responsibility.

The episode about the man from Bethel means that when we open up our life to the Lord to allow Him to guide us, we become blessed (Arcana Caelestia 3928). Then our life can be re-built in very practical and good ways, represented by the Hittites.

The final mention of the Canaanites still in the land points to the continuing presence of our unregenerate qualities. Although we may progress through the work of regeneration, we are still human, and we will always have flaws left to improve on.

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Arcana Coelestia # 9684

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9684. 'And the lampstand across from the table, at the side of the dwelling-place towards the south' means the enlightenment of the spiritual kingdom by means of the Divine Truth emanating from the Lord's Divine Human to those who are governed by good. This is clear from the meaning of 'the lampstand' as the Lord in respect of Divine Truth, thus as Divine Truth emanating from His Divine Human, and the enlightenment given to His spiritual kingdom, dealt with below; from the meaning of 'the table', on which the loaves of the Presence were laid and which the lampstand was 'across from', as the Lord in respect of celestial good, thus that very good from which and through which the Lord flows into the spiritual kingdom or middle heaven, also dealt with below; and from the meaning of 'at the side of the dwelling-place towards the south' as in the heaven where the Divine Truth emanating from the Lord's Divine Human dwells in the greatest light. For the dwelling-place outside the veil, where the lampstand was, is the middle heaven, 9594, and 'the south' is where Divine Truth dwells in its own light, 9642. The instructions that the lampstand in the dwelling-place, and also the table on which the loaves of the Presence were laid, were to be positioned close to the veil, the lampstand however at the side of the dwelling-place towards the south, but the table at the side towards the north, are arcana of heaven which cannot be properly brought to light unless it is known that the dwelling-place represented heaven, and the objects in the dwelling-place the celestial and spiritual realities which exist in heaven. What the lampstand represented has been shown already in 9548, and what the table on which the loaves of the Presence were laid represented in 9527, 9545. What 'the south' means has been shown in 9642, and what 'the north' in 3708. From all this it becomes clear that 'the lampstand at the side of the dwelling-place towards the south' means the enlightenment of the spiritual kingdom by means of Divine Truth emanating from the Lord's Divine Human.

[2] But to lay bare those actual arcana, something must be stated about the whole situation in heaven. The Lord appears to those who belong to the celestial kingdom as the Sun, but to those who belong to the spiritual kingdom as the Moon. The Lord as the Sun appears mid-way above the horizon, before the right eye, and as the Moon also mid-way above the horizon, before the left eye. It is from the Lord as the Sun that angels in His celestial kingdom derive their light, and from the Lord as the Moon that those in the spiritual kingdom derive theirs; regarding those two kingdoms, see the places referred to in 9277. The light in the heavens is Divine Truth emanating from the Lord's Divine Human; and when that truth has been received by angels belonging to the spiritual kingdom it is called the truth of faith springing from the good of charity towards the neighbour. This good together with that truth constitute the middle heaven, called the spiritual heaven. The lampstand in the dwelling-place represented the Moon from which those belonging to the spiritual kingdom derive their light; it accordingly represented the Lord's presence there as Divine Truth, since, as has been stated, the Lord appears to those who belong to that kingdom as the Moon. From all this it now becomes clear why the lampstand was placed 'towards the south', for the south is where Divine Truth dwells in light, 9642; also why the table on which the loaves of the Presence were laid was placed 'towards the north', for the north is where Divine Truth dwells in obscurity, 3708, as at the same time does Divine Good, meant by 'the loaves' laid on that table. That good becomes spiritual good through the reception of Divine Truth, like the reception of light from the moon. These are the arcana that are meant by the lampstand and its position 'towards the south', and by the table on which the loaves of the Presence were laid and its position 'towards the north'.

[3] The fact that 'the lampstand' means Divine Truth emanating from the Lord's Divine Human is clear from the Book of Revelation,

I saw seven golden lampstands, and in the midst of the seven lampstands one like the Son of Man, clothed with a long robe, and surrounded by a golden girdle around the breasts. Revelation 1:12-14.

'The Son of Man' is the Lord in respect of Divine Truth emanating from His Divine Human, 2803, 2813, 3704. And elsewhere in the same book,

The glory of God will give light to the holy city Jerusalem, and its lamp is the Lamb. Revelation 21:23.

'The glory of God' is Divine Truth emanating from the Lord, 9429. 'The lamp' which is 'the Lamb', that is, the Lord, is the faith and consequently the intelligent understanding of truth and wise discernment of good which come from the Lord alone, 9548. The new Jerusalem is the Lord's New Church, 2117.

[4] The Lord is the Sun to those who are in the celestial kingdom and appears as the Moon to those who are in the spiritual kingdom, see 1053, 1521, 1529-1531, 3636, 3643, 5097, 7083, 7173, 7270, 8644, 8812. Consequently in the Word the Lord in respect of celestial good is meant by 'the sun', and the Lord in respect of spiritual good by 'the moon', 1529, 1530, 2441, 2495, 4060, 4696, 7083, 8644. The Lord as the Sun appears mid-way above the horizon, before the right eye, and as the Moon also mid-way above the horizon, before the left eye, 1531, 4321 (end), 7078, 7171.

So it is that the east in heaven is where the Lord appears as the Sun, and the south where the Lord appears as the Moon.

The light from the Lord as the Sun and Moon is Divine Truth emanating from His Divine Human, 1053, 1521-1533, 1619-1632, 2776, 3094, 3138, 3167, 3190, 3195, 3222, 3223, 3337, 3339, 3341, 3636, 3643, 3862, 3993, 4060, 4180, 4302, 4408, 4414, 4415, 4419, 4527, 4598, 5400, 6032, 6313, 6315, 6608, 6907, 7174, 8644, 8707, 8861, 9399, 9407.

Since the light from the Lord as the Sun and the Moon is Divine Truth emanating from Him, the heat from the Lord as the Sun there is the Divine Good of His Divine Love, 3338, 3339, 3636, 3643, 5215, 6032.

[5] All this goes to show the nature of the difference between the Lord's celestial kingdom and His spiritual kingdom so far as the reception of Divine Truth is concerned. That is to say, it is like the difference between light from the sun and light from the moon.

Those in the spiritual kingdom, in comparison with the others, dwell in obscurity so far as the truth of faith and the good of charity are concerned, 2708, 2715, 2718, 2831, 2849, 2935, 2937, 3241, 3833, 6289, 6500, 6945, 7233. These primarily are the ones to have been saved by the Lord's Coming into the world, 2661, 2716, 3969, 6372, 6854, 6914, 7035, 7091, 7828, 7932, 8018, 8054, 8159, 8321, 9596; and the enlightenment they have is in the Lord's Divine Human, 2716, 2833, 2834.

But those belonging to the spiritual Church are saved who lead a good life based on the truths of faith, 2954, 6435, 6647, 6648, 7977, 7992, 8643, 8648, 8658, 8685, 8690, 8701.

  
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Thanks to the Swedenborg Society for the permission to use this translation.