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Giudici 1

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1 Dopo la morte di Giosuè, i figliuoli d’Israele consultarono l’Eterno, dicendo: "Chi di noi salirà il primo contro i Cananei a muover loro guerra?"

2 E l’Eterno rispose: "Salirà Giuda; ecco, io ho dato il paese nelle sue mani".

3 Allora Giuda disse a Simeone suo fratello: "Sali meco nel paese che m’è toccato a sorte, e combatteremo contro i Cananei; poi anch’io andrò teco in quello ch’è toccato a te". E Simeone andò con lui.

4 Giuda dunque salì, e l’Eterno diede nelle loro mani i Cananei e i Ferezei; e sconfissero a Bezek diecimila uomini.

5 E, trovato Adoni-Bezek a Bezek, l’attaccarono, e sconfissero i Cananei e i Ferezei.

6 Adoni-Bezek si diè alla fuga; ma essi lo inseguirono, lo presero, e gli tagliarono i pollici delle mani de’ piedi.

7 E Adoni-Bezek disse: "Settanta re, a cui erano stati tagliati i pollici delle mani e de’ piedi raccoglievano gli avanzi del cibo sotto la mia mensa. Quello che ho fatto io, Iddio me lo rende". E lo menarono a Gerusalemme, dove morì.

8 I figliuoli di Giuda attaccarono Gerusalemme, e la presero; passarono gli abitanti a fil di spada e misero la città a fuoco e fiamma.

9 Poi i figliuoli di Giuda scesero a combattere contro i Cananei che abitavano la contrada montuosa, il mezzogiorno e la regione bassa.

10 Giuda marciò contro i Cananei che abitavano a Hebron, (il cui nome era prima Kiriath-Arba) e sconfisse Sceshai, Ahiman e Talmai.

11 Di la marciò contro gli abitanti di Debir, che prima si chiamava Kiriath-Sefer.

12 E Caleb disse: "A chi batterà Kiriath-Sefer e la prenderà io darò in moglie Acsa, mia figliuola".

13 La prese Othniel, figliuolo di Kenaz, fratello minore di Caleb, e questi gli diede in moglie Acsa sua figliuola.

14 E quand’ella venne a star con lui, lo persuase a chiedere un campo al padre di lei. Essa scese di sull’asino, e Caleb le disse: "Che vuoi?"

15 E quella rispose: "Fammi un dono; giacché tu m’hai data una terra arida dammi anche delle sorgenti d’acqua". Ed egli le donò le sorgenti superiori e le sorgenti sottostanti.

16 Or i figliuoli del Keneo, suocero di Mosè, salirono dalla città delle palme, coi figliuoli di Giuda, nel deserto di Giuda, che è a mezzogiorno di Arad; andarono, e si stabilirono fra il popolo.

17 Poi Giuda partì con Simeone suo fratello, e sconfissero i Cananei che abitavano in Tsefath; distrussero interamente la città, che fu chiamata Hormah.

18 Giuda prese anche Gaza col suo territorio, Askalon col suo territorio ed Ekron col suo territorio.

19 L’Eterno fu con Giuda, che cacciò gli abitanti della contrada montuosa, ma non poté cacciare gli abitanti della valle, perché aveano de’ carri di ferro.

20 E, come Mosè avea detto, Hebron fu data a Caleb, che ne scacciò i tre figliuoli di Anak.

21 I figliuoli di Beniamino non cacciarono i Gebusei che abitavano Gerusalemme; e i Gebusei hanno abitato coi figliuoli di Beniamino in Gerusalemme fino al dì d’oggi.

22 La casa di Giuseppe salì anch’essa contro Bethel, e l’Eterno fu con loro.

23 La casa di Giuseppe mandò ad esplorare Bethel, città che prima si chiamava Luz.

24 E gli esploratori videro un uomo che usciva dalla città, e gli dissero: "Deh, insegnaci la via per entrare nella città, e noi ti tratteremo benignamente".

25 Egli insegnò loro la via per entrare nella città, ed essi passarono la città a fil di spada, ma lasciarono andare quell’uomo con tutta la sua famiglia.

26 E quell’uomo andò nel paese degli Hittei e vi edificò una città, che chiamò Luz: nome, ch’essa porta anche al dì d’oggi.

27 Manasse pure non cacciò gli abitanti di Beth-Scean e delle città del suo territorio né quelli di Taanac e delle città del suo territorio, né quelli di Dor e delle città del suo territorio, quelli d’Ibleam e delle città del suo territorio, né quelli di Meghiddo e delle città del suo territorio, essendo i Cananei decisi a restare in quel paese.

28 Però, quando Israele si fu rinforzato, assoggettò i Cananei a servitù, ma non li cacciò del tutto.

29 Efraim anch’esso non cacciò i Cananei che abitavano a Ghezer; e i Cananei abitarono in Ghezer in mezzo ad Efraim.

30 Zabulon non cacciò gli abitanti di Kitron, né gli abitanti di Nahalol; e i Cananei abitarono in mezzo a Zabulon e furon soggetti a servitù.

31 Ascer non cacciò gli abitanti di Acco, né gli abitanti di Sidone, né quelli di Ahlab, di Aczib, di Helba, di Afik, di Rehob;

32 e i figliuoli di Ascer si stabilirono in mezzo ai Cananei che abitavano il paese, perché non li scacciarono.

33 Neftali non caccio gli abitanti di Beth-Scemesh, né gli abitanti di Beth-Anath, e si stabilì in mezzo ai Cananei che abitavano il paese; ma gli abitanti di Beth-Scemesh e di Beth-Anath furon da loro sottoposti a servitù.

34 Gli Amorei respinsero i figliuoli di Dan nella contrada montuosa e non li lasciarono scendere nella valle.

35 Gli Amorei si mostrarono decisi a restare a Har-Heres, ad Aialon ed a Shaalbim; ma la mano della casa di Giuseppe si aggravò su loro sì che furon soggetti a servitù.

36 E il confine degli Amorei si estendeva dalla salita di Akrabbim, movendo da Sela, e su verso il nord.

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Exploring the Meaning of Judges 1

Napsal(a) New Christian Bible Study Staff, Julian Duckworth

Judges 1: The continuing conquest of Canaan.

The book of Judges follows on almost seamlessly from Joshua. It is called ‘Judges’ because a number of regional leaders arose and made judgments for the people, often actively defending Israel from outside oppression. A pattern emerges in Judges: Israel disobeys the Lord – an enemy oppresses Israel – the Lord raises a leader – the leader is victorious against the enemy – there is peace for a time – Israel disobeys the Lord again.

There were twelve judges in all, about whom we either hear very much or next to nothing. The number twelve (as with the twelve tribes of Israel, the twelve disciples, and other examples in the Word), stands for all the various aspects of spirituality that we need to understand, develop, and put to use. A clue is often found in the meaning of their names, because biblical names are nearly always linked to spiritual qualities, such as ‘courage’, or ‘one who walks with God’ (see Swedenborg’s work, Arcana Caelestia 10216).

The theme of this first chapter is the further conquest of the land. The Israelites asked the Lord, “Who shall go up and fight for us?” And the Lord said that the tribe of Judah would go, because the Lord had delivered the land into their hand. Judah then called on the tribe of Simeon to join them, and they won many battles against the Canaanites still in the land.

One Canaanite king, Adoni-bezek, fled and was captured by the Israelites, who then cut off his thumbs and big toes. Adoni-bezek said that God had dealt justice by punishing him, as he had previously cut off seventy kings’ thumbs and big toes, and they had to gather scraps of food under his table.

Then Caleb, a leader of Israel during the journey through the wilderness, said that the man who took Kirjath-sepher (Caleb’s inheritance city) from the Canaanites would marry his daughter, Achsah. Caleb’s nephew, Othniel, took the city and Achsah was given to him. Achsah asked her father for the blessing of springs of water, and Caleb gave her the upper and lower springs.

Next, spies were sent to Bethel. They met a man there, and said that if he directed them the entrance to the city, they would show him mercy. He helped them, and they took the city but showed mercy on the man and all his family. After all of this, the man built a new city called Luz in the land of the Hittites.

The chapter ends by listing the twelve tribes, as well as the Canaanite peoples who remained unsubdued in each of their territories.

*****

The overarching spiritual theme of Judges is the process of our regeneration. As the opening of Judges reminds us, there were still parts of the land and various tribes that Israel needed to conquer. In fact, the Israelites never finished driving enemies out of their land. In the same way, we need to control our inherited human nature, but it is never completely wiped out (see Swedenborg’s work, Divine Love and Wisdom 238).

During regeneration, we will discover deeper and subtler self-centered states in ourselves, which need to be mitigated. Each judge raised by the Lord stands for our determination to deal with these states, using the Word as a guide. This brings us a period of peace, followed by the start of another personal discovery.

When the Israelites chose which tribes would fight for them, it was no coincidence that they selected Judah and Simeon. Judah (who was a prominent tribe of Israel) and Simeon (who usually acts with another tribe) stand for the highest things in our spiritual life: our love for the Lord, and our obedience to the Lord’s Word. Choosing Judah and Simeon as our strength will always bring victory in our regeneration (see Arcana Caelestia 3654 and Apocalypse Explained 443).

The spiritual meaning in the story of Adoni-bezek is about taking away the power of our self-love, as cutting off thumbs and big toes makes hands and feet virtually useless. When we work on our lower nature, we are to minimize its control over us. It is the same with any influences from hell; their power must end. Adoni-bezek’s comment about doing the same to seventy kings vividly describes how self-love can only lead to our downfall (Arcana Caelestia 10062[4]).

The delightful story of Caleb, Achsah and Othniel illustrates that after battle, there is rest and reward. In the same way, we strengthen the ‘marriage’ of good and truth in us after overcoming spiritual struggles (see Swedenborg’s work, Divine Love and Wisdom 409). The springs of water given to Achsah stand for the truths which flow into our mind, both about the ‘upper’ things of the Lord and heaven, and those ‘lower’ ones about spiritual life and responsibility.

The episode about the man from Bethel means that when we open up our life to the Lord to allow Him to guide us, we become blessed (Arcana Caelestia 3928). Then our life can be re-built in very practical and good ways, represented by the Hittites.

The final mention of the Canaanites still in the land points to the continuing presence of our unregenerate qualities. Although we may progress through the work of regeneration, we are still human, and we will always have flaws left to improve on.

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Arcana Coelestia # 8159

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8159. 'And Pharaoh drew near' means an oppressive influx from there of falsity arising from evil. This is clear from the representation of 'Pharaoh' as those steeped in falsities arising from evil, dealt with in 8132, 8135, 8146, 8148; and from the meaning of 'drawing near' as influx. The internal sense deals with the first temptation of those who have been delivered, and all temptation comes about through influx from the hells. For spirits from there stir up and bring out all the wicked deeds a person has performed and wicked thoughts he has entertained, and they use these to incriminate him and condemn him. As a result he suffers pangs of conscience, and anxiety fills his mind. These feelings are brought about by an influx from the hells, in particular from the hell that is represented by the Sea Suph. From all this one may see that in the spiritual sense, which is dealing with temptations, 'drawing near' means influx.

[2] Since the verses which immediately follow deal with the first temptation of those belonging to the spiritual Church, it should be realized that those people could not undergo temptations until after the Lord had glorified His Human, that is, made it Divine, and was present among them in this glorified Human. If they had undergone them before then they would have given way; for those belonging to the spiritual Church were saved solely by the Lord's Divine Human. The temptations of those belonging to the spiritual Church, which they were to undergo after the Lord had come into the world, when He would be able to fight from the Divine Human for them against the hells, are meant by the following words in Malachi,

Suddenly there will come to His temple the Lord whom you seek, and the angel of the covenant in whom you delight. Behold, He is coming, said Jehovah Zebaoth. Who can endure the day of His Coming, and who will stand when He appears? For He is like a refiner's fire, and like fullers' soap. He will sit as a refiner and purifier of silver, and He will purify the sons of Levi and purge them like gold, and like silver, in order that they may bring to Jehovah a minchah in righteousness. Then the minchah of Judah and Jerusalem will be acceptable to Jehovah, as in the days of eternity, and as in former years. Malachi 3:1-4.

This plainly refers to the Lord's Coming. 'The sons of Levi' here are members of the spiritual Church, for 'Levi' means charity or spiritual good, 3875, 4497, 4502, 4503. 'A refiner's fire' is temptation, the means of purification, which 'purifying and purging them like gold and silver' is used to mean. 'The minchah' they will bring to Jehovah is faith and charity; and 'the days of eternity' and 'former years' are the Ancient Churches and states of worship of the Lord in those times.

[3] As regards the nature of temptations, it is as has been stated above in 8131, that the hells fight against a person and the Lord for a person. Any falsity that the hells introduce is met with a response from the Divine. The falsities which come from hell are thrust into and enter the external or natural man, but the response from the Divine enters the internal or spiritual man. The person is less conscious of this response which comes from the Divine than he is of those falsities. It does not touch his individual thoughts, only his general awareness, yet in such a way that he scarcely comes to be conscious of it except as hope and consequent comfort, which however hold within them countless blessings that the person has no knowledge of. These are such that they are suited to his affection or love, especially his affection for or love of truth and goodness, which form his conscience.

[4] These things have been stated to let it be known that the life of the children of Israel in the wilderness describes the temptations, in the sequence in which they occurred, that were undergone by those who belonged to the Lord's spiritual Church and were delivered. The reason why they underwent the temptations was in order that they might be prepared further for heaven. For through temptations, through them as the one and only means, forms of good and truths are corroborated and joined together. Through them charity becomes the charity that goes with faith, and faith becomes the faith that goes with charity. The fact that those who belong to the Church must undergo temptations is what one should understand by the following things the Lord said, in Matthew,

Whoever does not take up his cross and follow after Me is not worthy of Me. Matthew 10:38-39; Mark 8:31 end.

In the same gospel,

He said to His disciples, If anyone wishes to come after Me, let him deny himself, take up his cross, and follow Me. Matthew 16:24-25; Luke 9:23-24.

In Luke,

Whoever does not carry his cross and come after Me cannot be My disciple. Luke 14:27.

In Mark,

Jesus said to the rich [young ruler], Come, follow Me, taking up the cross. Mark 10:21.

And in Matthew,

Do not think that I have come to bring peace on earth; I have not come to bring peace, but a sword. Matthew 10:34.

[5] But it should be recognized that in temptations a person does not do the fighting; the Lord alone does it for the person, though the appearance is that it is done by the person. And when the Lord does the fighting for a person, the person is in all things victorious. At the present day few are allowed to experience temptations because they do not live as faith requires and do not therefore possess a conscience composed of truth; and anyone without a conscience composed of truth as a result of leading a good life goes under, and then his latter state is worse than his former.

  
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Thanks to the Swedenborg Society for the permission to use this translation.