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2 Mose 8

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1 Und Jehova sprach zu Mose: Gehe zu dem Pharao hinein und sprich zu ihm: So spricht Jehova: Laß mein Volk ziehen, daß sie mir dienen!

2 Und wenn du dich weigerst, es ziehen zu lassen, siehe, so will ich dein ganzes Gebiet mit Fröschen schlagen.

3 Und der Strom wird von Fröschen wimmeln, und sie werden heraufsteigen und in dein Haus kommen und in dein Schlafgemach und auf dein Bett und in die Häuser deiner Knechte und unter dein Volk und in deine Öfen und in deine Backtröge.

4 Und die Frösche werden heraufkommen über dich und über dein Volk und über alle deine Knechte.

5 Und Jehova sprach zu Mose: Sprich zu Aaron: Strecke deine Hand mit deinem Stabe aus über die Flüsse, über die Kanäle und über die Teiche, und laß die Frösche über das Land Ägypten heraufkommen.

6 Da streckte Aaron seine Hand aus über die Wasser in Ägypten, und die Frösche kamen herauf und bedeckten das Land Ägypten.

7 Und die Schriftgelehrten taten ebenso mit ihren Zauberkünsten und ließen die Frösche über das Land Ägypten heraufkommen.

8 Und der Pharao rief Mose und Aaron und sprach: Flehet zu Jehova, daß er die Frösche von mir und von meinem Volke wegnehme, so will ich das Volk ziehen lassen, daß sie Jehova opfern.

9 Und Mose sprach zum Pharao: Bestimme über mich, auf wann ich für dich und für deine Knechte und für dein Volk flehen soll, die Frösche von dir und aus deinen Häusern auszurotten; nur im Strome sollen sie übrigbleiben.

10 Und er sprach: Auf morgen. Da sprach er: Es sei nach deinem Worte, auf daß du wissest, daß niemand ist wie Jehova, unser Gott.

11 Und die Frösche werden von dir weichen und von deinen Häusern und von deinen Knechten und von deinem Volke; nur im Strome sollen sie übrigbleiben.

12 Und Mose und Aaron gingen von dem Pharao hinaus; und Mose schrie zu Jehova wegen der Frösche, die er über den Pharao gebracht hatte.

13 Und Jehova tat nach dem Worte Moses, und die Frösche starben weg aus den Häusern, aus den Gehöften und von den Feldern.

14 Und sie sammelten sie haufenweise, und das Land stank.

15 Und als der Pharao sah, daß Erleichterung geworden war, da verstockte er sein Herz, und er hörte nicht auf sie, so wie Jehova geredet hatte.

16 Und Jehova sprach zu Mose: Sprich zu Aaron: Strecke deinen Stab aus und schlage den Staub der Erde, und er wird zu Stechmücken werden im ganzen Lande Ägypten.

17 Und sie taten also; und Aaron streckte seine Hand mit seinem Stabe aus und schlug den Staub der Erde, und die Stechmücken kamen über die Menschen und über das Vieh; aller Staub der Erde wurde zu Stechmücken im ganzen Lande Ägypten.

18 Und die Schriftgelehrten taten ebenso mit ihren Zauberkünsten, um die Stechmücken hervorzubringen; aber sie konnten es nicht. Und die Stechmücken kamen über die Menschen und über das Vieh.

19 Da sprachen die Schriftgelehrten zum Pharao: Das ist Gottes Finger! Aber das Herz des Pharao verhärtete sich, und er hörte nicht auf sie, so wie Jehova geredet hatte.

20 Und Jehova sprach zu Mose: Mache dich des Morgens früh auf und tritt vor den Pharao siehe, er wird ans Wasser hinausgehen und sprich zu ihm: Also spricht Jehova: Laß mein Volk ziehen, daß sie mir dienen!

21 Denn wenn du mein Volk nicht ziehen lässest, siehe, so werde ich die Hundsfliegen senden über dich und über deine Knechte und über dein Volk und in deine Häuser; und die Häuser der Ägypter werden voll Hundsfliegen sein und auch der Erdboden, auf dem sie sind.

22 Und ich werde an selbigem Tage das Land Gosen aussondern, in welchem mein Volk weilt, daß daselbst keine Hundsfliegen seien, auf daß du wissest, daß ich, Jehova, in der Mitte des Landes bin.

23 Und ich werde eine Scheidung setzen zwischen meinem Volke und deinem Volke; morgen wird dieses Zeichen geschehen.

24 Und Jehova tat also; und es kamen Hundsfliegen in Menge in das Haus des Pharao und in die Häuser seiner Knechte; und im ganzen Lande Ägypten wurde das Land von den Hundsfliegen verderbt.

25 Und der Pharao rief Mose und Aaron und sprach: Gehet hin und opfert eurem Gott in dem Lande.

26 Und Mose sprach: Es geziemt sich nicht, also zu tun; denn wir würden Jehova, unserem Gott, der Ägypter Greuel opfern; siehe, opferten wir der Ägypter Greuel vor ihren Augen, würden sie uns nicht steinigen?

27 Drei Tagereisen weit wollen wir in die Wüste ziehen und Jehova, unserem Gott, opfern, so wie er zu uns geredet hat.

28 Und der Pharao sprach: Ich will euch ziehen lassen, daß ihr Jehova, eurem Gott, in der Wüste opfert; nur entfernet euch nicht so weit! Flehet für mich!

29 Da sprach Mose: Siehe, ich gehe von dir hinaus und will zu Jehova flehen; und morgen werden die Hundsfliegen von dem Pharao weichen, von seinen Knechten und von seinem Volke; nur handle der Pharao ferner nicht betrüglich, daß er das Volk nicht ziehen lasse, um Jehova zu opfern.

30 Und Mose ging von dem Pharao hinaus und flehte zu Jehova.

31 Und Jehova tat nach dem Worte Moses, und die Hundsfliegen wichen von dem Pharao, von seinen Knechten und von seinem Volke; nicht eine blieb übrig.

32 Aber der Pharao verstockte sein Herz auch dieses Mal und ließ das Volk nicht ziehen.

   

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Arcana Coelestia # 7424

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7424. 'And there were lice on man and on beast' means that evils rose up from those things - interior and exterior evils attached to wicked desires. This is clear from the meaning of 'lice' as evils, dealt with in 7419; from the meaning of 'man' as good, dealt with in 4287, 5302, and so in the contrary sense as evil; and from the meaning of 'beast' as the affection for good, and in the contrary sense as the affection for evil, which is evil or wicked desire, dealt with in 45, 46, 142, 143, 246, 714, 715, 719, 776, 2179, 2180, 3218, 3519, 5198. But when the expression 'man and beast' is used, man' means interior good, and in the contrary sense interior evil, while 'beast' means exterior good, and in the contrary sense exterior evil. The reason why 'man' means interior good or interior evil is that a person is truly human by virtue of his internal man and the nature of this, not by virtue of his external man; for without the internal the external man is not truly human. If the external man too is to be truly human it must be completely subject to the internal, so completely that it does not act by itself, only from the internal. The reason why 'beast' means exterior good and in the contrary sense exterior evil is that beasts do not have an internal side to them like that present in a human being. With them the internal side is merged into the external, so completely that it makes one with it, and at the same looks downwards or towards the ground without any uplifting towards more internal things. The expression 'evils attached to wicked desires' is used because all evils are objects of wicked desires; for wicked desires are the longings of a person's loves. What makes interior evils different from exterior evils is this: Interior evils belong to thought and will, whereas exterior evils belong to actions. The fact that evils may be interior without being exterior is evident from the consideration that a person can be evil and yet to outward appearance look like an upright man, indeed like a man possessing faith and conscience. Some even know how to pretend to be angels when in fact inwardly they are devils. This is how great the difference can be between the inward appearance, which is that presented by the spirit, and the outward appearance, which is that presented by the body.

  
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Arcana Coelestia # 2180

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2180. 'And took a young bull, tender and good' means a celestial-natural which the rational took to itself in order that it might join itself to perception from the Divine. This is clear from the meaning of 'a young bull' or 'a son of an ox' in the Word as natural good. And because the subject is the Lord's Rational, it is called 'tender' from the celestial-spiritual, which is truth grounded in good, and 'good' from the celestial itself, which is good itself. Within the genuine rational there is both the affection for truth and the affection for good, but that which is first and foremost there is the affection for truth, as shown already in 2072. This explains why 'tender' is mentioned before 'good'; but even so, as is quite usual in the Word, both are mentioned on account of the marriage of truth and good which is referred to above in 2173.

[2] That 'a young bull' or 'a son of an ox' means the celestial-natural, or what amounts to the same, natural good, becomes especially clear from the sacrifices, which were the principal representatives in the worship of the Hebrew Church and after this of the Jewish Church. Their sacrifices were made either from the herd or from the flock, thus from animals of various kinds that were clean, such as oxen, young bulls, he-goats, sheep, rams, she-goats, kids, and lambs, besides doves and fledgling pigeons. All of these creatures meant the internal features of worship, that is, celestial and spiritual things, 2165, 2177, those from the herd meaning celestial-natural, those from the flock celestial-rational. Because both of these - natural things and rational things - are more and more interior and are various, so many genera and so many species of these creatures were therefore employed in sacrifices. This fact becomes clear also from its being laid down as to which creatures were to be offered in burnt offerings and also which in every kind of sacrifice - the daily sacrifices; those offered on sabbaths and at festivals; those made as free-will, eucharistic, or votive offerings; and those offered in purifications, cleansings, and also in inaugurations. Which creatures were to be used, and how many, in each kind of sacrifice is mentioned explicitly. This would never have been done unless each one had had some specific meaning, as is quite evident from those places where the sacrifices are the subject, as in Chapter 29 of Exodus; Chapters 1, 3, 4, 9, 16, and 23 of Leviticus; and Chapters 7, 8, 15, and 29 of Numbers. But this is not the place to explain what each one meant. The situation is similar in the Prophets where those animals are mentioned, from which it may become clear that young bulls meant celestial-natural things.

[3] That none but heavenly things were meant becomes clear also from the cherubim seen by Ezekiel and from the living creatures before the throne which were seen by John. Regarding the cherubim the prophet says,

The likeness of their faces was the face of a man (homo); and they four had the face of a lion on the right side; and they four had the face of an ox on the left side; and they four had the face of an eagle. Ezekiel 1:10.

Regarding the four living creatures before the throne John says,

Around the throne were four living creatures - the first living creature was like a lion, the second living creature like a young bull, the third living creature had a face like a man (homo), the fourth living creature was like a flying eagle - saying, Holy, holy, holy is the Lord God Almighty, who was, and who is, and who is to come. Revelation 4:7-8.

Anyone may see that holy things were represented by the cherubim and these living creatures, thus also by the oxen and young bulls in the sacrifices. The same applies in the prophecy of Moses concerning Joseph,

Let it come upon the head of Joseph and upon the crown of the head of the Nazirite among his brothers. The firstborn of his ox has honour, and his horns are the horns of a unicorn; with these he will thrust the peoples together, to the ends of the earth. Deuteronomy 33:16-17.

These words are not intelligible to anyone unless he knows what ox, unicorn, horns, and many other things mean in the internal sense.

[4] As for sacrifices in general they were indeed commanded to the Israelites through Moses. But the Most Ancient Church which existed before the Flood never knew anything at all about sacrifices, nor did it ever enter their minds to worship the Lord by the slaughtering of animals. The Ancient Church which existed after the Flood knew nothing about it either. Representatives did indeed exist there, but not sacrifices. These were first introduced in the subsequent Church called the Hebrew Church, and from there they spread to the gentile nations, and even to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and so to Jacob's descendants. The fact that the gentile nations had sacrificial worship has been shown in 1343, and the fact that Jacob's descendants also had such worship before they left Egypt, thus before sacrifices were commanded through Moses on Mount Sinai, becomes clear from Exodus 5:3; 10:25, 27; 18:12; 24:4-5.

[5] This is especially clear from their idolatrous worship in front of the golden calf, regarding which the following is said in Moses,

Aaron built an altar in front of the calf, and Aaron made a proclamation and said, Tomorrow there will be a feast to Jehovah. And they rose up early the next morning and presented burnt offerings and brought peace offerings. And the people sat down to eat and drink, and rose up to play. Exodus 32:5-6.

This happened while Moses was on Mount Sinai, and so before the command came to them regarding the altar and the sacrifices. That command came to them for the reason that sacrificial worship among them had been turned, as it had among the gentiles, into idolatrous worship, from which they could not be drawn away because they looked upon it as-the chief holy thing. Once something has been implanted in people from their earliest years as being holy, the more so if received from their fathers, and thus is inrooted, the Lord in no way breaks it - provided it is not contrary to order itself - but bends it. This was the reason for its being laid down that the sacrificial system should be established, such as one reads in the books of Moses.

[6] The fact that sacrifices were by no means acceptable to Jehovah, and so were merely permitted and tolerated for the reason just stated, is quite evident in the Prophets. Concerning them the following is said in Jeremiah,

Thus said Jehovah Zebaoth, the God of Israel, Add your burnt offerings on to your sacrifices, and eat the flesh. I did not speak with your fathers and I did not command them on the day I brought them out of the land of Egypt on the matters of burnt offering and sacrifice. But this matter I commanded them, saying, Obey My voice, and I will be your God. Jeremiah 7:21-23.

In David,

O Jehovah, sacrifice and offering You have not desired; burnt offering and sin-sacrifices You have not sought. I have delighted to do Your will, O my God. Psalms 40:6, 8.

In the same author,

You do not delight in sacrifice that I should give it; burnt offering You do not accept. The sacrifices of God are a contrite spirit. Psalms 51:16-17.

In the same author,

I will not take any young bull from your house, nor he-goats from your folds. Sacrifice to God confession. Psalms 50:9, 14; 107:21-22; 116:17; Deuteronomy 23:18.

In Hosea,

I desire mercy and not sacrifice, and the knowledge of God rather than burnt offerings. Hosea 6:6.

Samuel said to Saul,

Has Jehovah great delight in burnt offerings and sacrifices? Behold, to be submissive is better than sacrifice, to be obedient than the fat of rams. - 1 Samuel 15:22.

In Micah,

With what shall I come before Jehovah and bow myself to God on high? Shall I come before Him with burnt offerings, with calves a year old? Will Jehovah be pleased with thousands of rams, with tens of thousands of rivers of oil? He has shown you, O man, what is good; and what does Jehovah require of you but to carry out judgement, and to love mercy, and to humble yourself by walking with your God? Micah 6:6-8.

[7] From these quotations it is now evident that sacrifices were not commanded but permitted, and also that in sacrifices nothing else was regarded except that which was internal, and that it was that which was internal that was pleasing, not that which was external. For this reason also the Lord abolished them, as was also foretold through Daniel in the following words when he was speaking about the Lord's Coming,

In the middle of the week He will cause the sacrifice and the offering to cease. Daniel 9:27.

See what has been stated about sacrifices in Volume One, in 922, 923, 1128, 1823. As for 'the young bull' which Abraham made ready or prepared for the three men, the meaning is similar to that of the same animals when used in sacrifices. That it had a similar meaning becomes clear also from the fact that he told Sarah to take three measures of fine flour. Regarding the fine flour that went with the offering of a young bull the following is said in Moses - referring to when they were to come into the land,

When you make ready a young bull for a burnt offering or a sacrifice in the declaring of a vow, or for peace offerings to Jehovah, you shall bring with the young bull a minchah of three tenths of fine flour mixed with oil. Numbers 15:8-9.

Here similarly the number 'three' appears, though three 'tenths' here but three 'measures' in Abraham's instruction to Sarah. But only two tenths went with the offering of a ram, one tenth with that of a lamb, Numbers 15:4-6.

  
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Thanks to the Swedenborg Society for the permission to use this translation.