10177. “你要造一座烧香的坛” 表主乐意垂听并接受源于爱与仁的敬拜的一切的一个代表. 这从 “烧香的坛” 的含义清楚可知, “烧香的坛” 是诸如被提升到主那里的敬拜的那类事物的一个代表. 它们是源于爱与仁的事物, 这一点从接下来的内容明显看出来. “坛” 和放在坛上的东西具有相同的含义, 因为坛是容纳之物, 而坛上的东西是被容纳之物; 容纳物和被容纳之物构成一体, 如桌子和桌子上的饼, 或杯子和杯中的酒.

为了烧香之所以造祭坛, 而不是造桌子, 是因为在以色列民族当中, 祭坛是源于爱的敬拜的首要代表. 事实上, 祭坛上有火燃烧, 而 “火” 表示敬拜所源于的爱和仁. 祭坛是敬拜的首要代表 (参看4192, 4541, 8623, 8935, 8940, 9714节).

香坛之所以代表乐意垂听并接受源于爱与仁的敬拜的一切, 是因为烟云表示升到高处的东西, 而烟的气味表示悦人之物, 因而表示蒙主垂听并接受之物. 主唯独悦纳并接受源于爱和仁之物; 这也解释了为何祭坛用金包裹, 被称为 “金坛”, 因为 “金” 表示爱与仁之良善 (参看9874, 9881节提到的地方).

之所以唯独源于爱和仁之物蒙主悦纳, 并因此蒙主垂听并接受, 是因为爱构成整个人, 或一个人所是的一切; 因为一个人的爱如何, 他就如何. 这解释了为何天上的天使都形式上的爱和仁, 或说爱和仁的化身. 对他们来说, 爱和仁的形式就是人的形式, 因为在他们里面并赐予他们形式的主, 就其神性人身而言, 是神性之爱本身. 正因如此, 从他们的脸, 言语和动作, 尤其从他们所流出的情感的气场, 远远地就能清楚察觉出在他们里面掌权的是哪种爱, 或说他们在爱方面的品质.

由于对主之爱和对邻之仁来源于主, 并且爱是一种属灵的结合, 所以凡从这个源头发出之物都蒙主垂听并接受. 而凡并非源于这个源头的神圣和虔诚虽蒙垂听, 但不被乐意接受. 事实上, 这是一种虚伪的神圣和虔诚, 因为它们是某种没有任何内在之物的纯外在之物. 没有任何内在之物的外在神圣仅抵达天堂的边缘或门槛处, 并在那里逐渐消失. 而源于内在神圣的外在神圣则照着内在神圣的性质而直达天堂, 因而直达主那里. 因为没有内在神圣的外在神圣只是嘴唇和身体动作的产物, 而源于内在神圣的外在神圣同时来自内心. 关于这两种神圣, 可参看8252-8257节的阐述和说明.

在帷帐外的会幕里面有摆有脸饼或陈设饼的桌子, 以及带有灯的灯台和香坛. 脸饼或陈设饼代表对主的爱; 灯台的灯代表仁与信, 坛上的香代表源于它们的敬拜, 这就是为何每早晨和傍晚收拾灯的时候要烧香. 由此也明显可知, “烧香” 代表源于爱和仁的对主的敬拜. 这些事物所在的会幕本身代表天堂, 那里的一切敬拜都具有这种性质. 饼代表属天良善, 也就是对主之爱的良善 (参看9545节); 灯台代表属灵良善, 也就是对邻之仁的良善和信之良善 (参看9548-9561节); 会幕或帐幕代表天堂 (参看9457, 9481, 9485, 9784, 9963节).

当论及 “敬拜” 时 , 所指的是通过从爱与仁的内在感觉发出的祷告, 崇拜, 感恩和类似行为所表达的神圣. 构成敬拜的这些行为就是 “烧香” 的意思, 这从下列经文可以看出来, 诗篇:

愿我的祷告蒙接受, 如香陈列在你面前. (诗篇 141:2)

启示录:

四活物和二十四位长老就俯伏在羔羊面前, 各拿着竖琴和盛满了香的金炉; 这香就是众圣徒的祈祷. (启示录 5:8)

又:

一位天使拿着金香炉, 有许多香赐给他, 要和众圣徒的祈祷一同献在宝座前的金坛上. 那香的烟从众圣徒的祈祷中上来. (启示录 8:3, 4)

由于 “香” 表示敬拜及其提升, 因而表示它蒙主垂听并接受, 所以摩西命令那些攻击他的人拿香炉来, 把香放在其上, 在耶和华面前烧了, 好叫他们由此可以知道耶和华拣选谁, 因而垂听神 (民数记 16:1ff). 当人民发怨言时, 当灾祸发作时, 亚伦拿着香跑到会中, 由此止住了灾祸 (民数记 16:44-49). 玛拉基书:

从日出之地到日落之处, 耶和华的名在列族中必为大. 在各处, 香和洁净的素祭必献给我的名. (玛拉基书 1:11)

之所以补充说 “洁净的素祭”, 是因为它表示爱之良善 (10137节). 摩西五经:

利未人要将你的典章指教雅各, 将你的律法指教以色列. 他们要把香放在你的鼻孔, 把燔祭献在你的坛上. (申命记 33:10)

经上之所以说 “把香放在你的鼻孔”, 是因为 “鼻孔” 表示感知 (4624-4634节); 此处之所以补充说 “燔祭”, 是因为它也表示源于爱之良善之物.

但就反面意义而言, “烧香” 表示源于相反的爱, 即对自己的爱和对世界的爱的敬拜; 如向别神烧香 (耶利米书 1:16; 44:3, 5); 向偶像烧香 (以西结书 8:11; 16:18); 向巴力烧香 (何西阿书 2:13).

“烧香” 因表示诸如被提升并被神性乐意接受的那类事物, 故也是外邦人当中的宗教仪式之一. 从历史清楚可知, 罗马人和其他民族也使用乳香, 香炉和香盒. 这种宗教仪式源于古教会, 古教会传遍亚洲许多地区, 如叙利亚, 阿拉伯, 巴比伦, 埃及和迦南. 古教会是一个代表性教会, 因而是一个由代表内在事物, 就是属天和属灵事物的外在事物或形式组成的教会. 大量宗教仪式, 其中一个就是烧香, 从古教会传到周边各个民族, 又从这些民族经由希腊传到意大利. 像这样的另一个仪式就是指定贞洁的处女来守护的永火, 他们称这些处女为维斯塔贞女.

在古教会, 因而在以色列教会中所烧的香是用芳香物质准备的, 如拿他弗, 施喜列, 喜利比拿和乳香; 因为气味表示感知, 芳香的气味表示愉悦的感知 (925, 1514, 1517-1519, 3577, 4624-4634, 4748, 10054节). 但 “乳香” 尤表信之真理, 因此当在圣言中提到乳香时, 它与表示爱之良善的油, 饼, 素祭或金子联系在一起; 如在以赛亚书:

示巴的众人都必来到, 带着黄金和乳香, 又要传说耶和华的赞美. (以赛亚书 60:6)

那些从东方来的人也一样, 论到他们, 经上在马太福音记着说:

有几个智慧人从东方来寻找那时刚出生的主, 揭开宝盒, 献上黄金, 乳香, 没药. (马太福音 2:1, 2, 11)

在圣言中, 那些来自东方, 被称为 “东方之子” 的人表示那些拥有良善和真理的知识或认知之人 (参看3249, 3762节); “示巴” 具有相同的含义 (1171, 3240节); “黄金” 表示爱之良善 (9874或9881节提到的地方).

耶利米书:

他们必带燔祭和祭物, 素祭和乳香. (耶利米书 17:26)

“素祭” 同样表示爱之良善 (9992, 10137节). 由此明显可知, 在圣言中, “乳香” 表示构成信的真理; 因为在圣言中, 凡论述良善的地方, 也论述真理, 因为天堂的婚姻, 也就是良善与真理的婚姻存在于圣言的一切细节中 (参看9263末尾, 9314节提到的地方). 也由于同样的原因, 素祭要浇上油, 加上乳香 (利未记 2:1, 2, 15); 但为罪所献的素祭不可浇上油, 也不可加上乳香 (利未记 5:11); 为忌妒 (经上译为疑妻不贞) 所献的素祭同样不可浇上油, 也不可加上乳香 (民数记 5:15). 这些素祭之所以不可浇上油, 加上乳香, 是因为这类素祭是为了从邪恶中赎罪而呈上的, 只要一个人处在赎罪的阶段, 他就不能接受爱之良善和信之真理, 因有邪恶挡道. 不过, 它们被赎掉或移走之后, 情况就不同了.

爱之良善若不与信之真理一起, 就不可能被赋予任何人. 因为良善产生真理, 在这真理中为自己获得一个具体品质, 并接受一个外在形式. 这就是为何一切素祭都加乳香在上面, 会幕里的桌子上所摆的脸饼或陈设饼也是 (利未记 24:7); 因为 “饼” 表示爱之良善 (3478, 3813, 4211, 4217, 4735, 4976, 8410, 9323, 9545, 10040, 10137节).

3703. 'And He said, I am Jehovah, the God of Abraham your father' means the Lord in whom that good originated. This becomes clear from the fact that Jehovah is the Divine Being (Esse) itself of the Lord, who is called 'the God of Abraham' by virtue of Divine Good - 'Abraham' representing the Lord as regards Divine Good, see 2172, 2198. And because Divine Good is the source of all celestial and spiritual goods, and consequently of all truths also, the phrase 'your (that is, Jacob's) father Abraham' is used, when in fact Isaac was his father. The reason why 'father' in the internal sense means good is that good is the source of every single thing that has being and truth the means by which it is brought into being. Thus every single thing is born from a marriage of good and truth. Heaven itself, which consists of nothing else at all but the Divine marriage of Good and Truth, derives from the Divine Marriage of Good and Truth and of Truth and Good within the Lord.

[2] The whole natural order also in every single part has reference to what is good and what is true. In it, that is, the natural order, the celestial and spiritual goods and truths that belong to heaven are represented, and in heaven Divine Goods and Truths that are the Lord's are represented. From this it becomes clear that good is like the father and truth is like the mother, and that therefore 'father' in the internal sense of the Word means good, and 'mother' truth. Indeed they mean the goodness and truth in which lower or derived goods and truths originate, which in relation to them are as daughters and sons, and are also consequently called daughters and sons in the Word, 489-491, 2362. They are also in relation to that good and truth as brothers and sisters, as grandchildren and great grandchildren, as sons-in-law, fathers-in-law, and daughters-in-law; in short they are as every degree of blood relationship and relationship by marriage. And all these relationships stem from the marriage of good, which is the father, to truth, which is the mother. For all things - every single one - in heaven exist as in blood relationships of love to and faith in the Lord, or what amounts to the same, of good and truth, see 685, 917, 2739, 3612, and the most ancient people therefore compared all these things to marriages, 54, 55. See also 718, 747, 1432, 2508, 2516, 2524, 2556.

[3] That 'father' in the internal sense of the Word means good may be seen from very many places, as from the following: In Isaiah,

Pay attention to Me, you who are pursuing righteousness, who are seeking Jehovah; look to the rock from which you were hewn; and to the hole of the pit from which you were dug; look to Abraham your father and to Sarah who bore you, for when he was but one I called him; and I blessed him, and I will multiply him. For Jehovah will comfort Zion, He will comfort all her waste places, and will make her wilderness like Eden and her desert like the garden of Jehovah. Isaiah 51:1-3.

This refers to the Lord and His Coming, as is evident from every detail. As regards Divine Truth He is called 'a rock' and 'a pit', and as regards Divine Good 'Abraham your father'. And because the Divine marriage of Good and Truth is represented by Abraham and Sarah, see 1468, 1901, 1965, 1989, 2011, 2063, 2065, 2172, 2173, 2198, 2507, 2833, 2836, 2904, 3245, 3251, 3305 (end), the expressions 'Abraham your father' and 'Sarah who bore you' are used. This explains why it is said that they were to look to the rock and to the pit, and to Abraham their father and to Sarah. It also explains why the promises follow immediately after, declaring that 'Jehovah will comfort Zion', which is the celestial Church, see 2362, and that 'He will comfort her waste places, and will make her wilderness like Eden and her desert like the garden of Jehovah'.

[4] Abraham has a similar meaning when elsewhere in the Word he is called 'father', as in John,

Jesus said, I speak what I have seen with My Father, and you also do what you have seen with your father. They answered and said to Him, Our father is Abraham. Jesus said to them, If you were Abraham's sons, you would do the works of Abraham. You do the works of your father. John 8:38-39, 41.

And in Matthew,

Do not presume to say within yourselves, We have Abraham as our father. I tell you that God is able from these stones to raise up children to Abraham. Even now the axe is laid to the root of the trees; every tree not bearing good fruit will be cut down and cast into the fire. Matthew 3:9-10.

And in Luke,

When the poor man Lazarus died he was carried by the angels into Abraham's bosom. The rich man also died and was buried; and when he was in hell he raised his eyes and saw Abraham far off, and Lazarus in his bosom. Calling out he said, Father Abraham, have mercy on me. I ask you, father, to send him to my father's house. Luke 16:19-end.

In these places it is evident that Abraham was not meant but the Lord as regards Divine Good. For Abraham is unknown in heaven, and when his name is used in the Word the Lord is meant, see 1834, 1876, 1989, 3305 (end).

[5] That 'father' means good in the internal sense becomes clear from the following places: In Moses,

Honour your father and your mother, that your days may be prolonged on the land which Jehovah your God gives you. Exodus 20:12; Deuteronomy 5:16.

This commandment, like the rest of the Ten Commandments, is true in both senses - in the internal sense 'honouring father and mother' is loving what is good and true, and in what is good and true loving the Lord, see 2609, 3690. 'Days on the land' means resulting states of good within the Lord's kingdom, as is clear from the meaning of 'days' as states, 23, 487, 488, 493, 893, 2788, and from the meaning of Canaan, to which 'the land' refers here, as the Lord's kingdom, 1607, 3038, 3481, and from 'being prolonged' having reference to good, 1613.

[6] Since 'father and mother' had these meanings many laws were therefore laid down in the Jewish representative Church relating to parents and sons. In every case good and truth were meant in the internal sense, and in the highest sense the Lord as regards Divine Good and Divine Truth, as in Moses,

Whoever strikes his father and his mother shall surely die. If anyone curses his father or his mother he shall surely die. Exodus 21:15, 17.

In the same author,

Any man who curses his father or his mother shall surely be put to death; he who curses his father and his mother, his blood shall be on him. Leviticus 20:9.

Cursed is he who treats his father and his mother with contempt; and all the people shall say, Amen. Deuteronomy 27:16, 17.

In Ezekiel,

Behold, the princes of Israel, every one according to his power, ¹ have in you been intent on shedding blood; in you they have treated father and mother with contempt. Ezekiel 22:6-7.

In Moses,

When a man has a stubborn and rebellious son, in no way obeying the voice of his father or the voice of his mother, and though they correct him he still does not obey them, his father and his mother shall take hold of him and bring him to the elders of the city, and to the gateway of their place. And all the men of that city shall stone him with stones so that he dies. Deuteronomy 21:18-19, 21.

[7] In all these places 'father and mother' in the sense of the letter is used to mean father and mother, but in the internal sense good and truth are meant, and in the highest sense the Lord as regards Divine Good and Divine Truth. This is also the Lord's own teaching in Matthew,

Jesus stretching out His hand over His disciples said, Beyond My mother and My brothers; whoever does the will of My Father who is in heaven is My brother, and sister, and mother. Matthew 12:49-50.

And in the same gospel,

Refuse to be called master, for one is your Master, Christ; but all you are brothers. And call nobody your father on earth, for one is your Father who is in heaven. Matthew 23:8-9.

It is not being called master or being called father on earth that is forbidden here, but acknowledging in the heart any other father than the Lord. That is, when the names master and father are used one should understand the Lord whom in the highest sense they represent, in the same way, as stated just above in 3702, as anything perceived on earth by the most ancient people who were celestial was to them the means for thought concerning the Lord.

[8] Much the same is embodied in what the Lord told one of the disciples who said,

Lord, let me first go away and bury my father. Jesus said to him, Follow Me; leave the dead to bury the dead. Matthew 8:21-22.

Indeed the relationship of father on earth to Father in heaven, who is the Lord, is as one who is dead to one who is living, even as the law itself about honouring parents is so to speak dead unless it holds honour, worship, and love to the Lord within it. For that law about honouring parents comes down from the latter Divine law. And because it comes down from the latter, the living element which exists within the law about honouring parents is received from this Divine law. This is why the Lord said, 'Follow Me, leave the dead to bury the dead'. What Elijah told Elisha is also similar in meaning,

Elijah passed beside Elisha and cast his mantle over him, and he left the oxen and ran after Elijah, and said, Let me kiss, I beg you, my father and mother; then I will go after you. He therefore said to him, Go away; go back again; for what have I done to you? 1 Kings 19:19-20.

Elijah represented the Lord - see Preface to Chapter 18, and 2762.

[9] In Malachi,

Lo, I am sending you Elijah the prophet before the great and terrible day of Jehovah comes. And he will turn the heart of the fathers to the sons, and the heart of the sons to their fathers lest I come and smite the earth with a ban. Malachi 4:5-6.

And in Luke where the angel addresses Zechariah regarding his son John,

He will go before the Lord in the spirit and power of Elijah to turn the hearts of the fathers to the children. Luke 1:17.

From these places it is evident that 'fathers' and 'sons' are not used to mean fathers and sons but the goods and truths of the Church which the Lord is going to restore.

[10] In Malachi,

May Jehovah be magnified upon the border of Israel! A son should honour his father, and a servant his lord. If I am a Father, where is My honour? If I am a Lord, where is the fear of Me? Malachi 1:5-6.

'A son' stands for those who are governed by the good of the Church, 'a servant' those who are governed by its truth. Here 'a Father' clearly stands for the Lord as regards Divine Good, and 'a Lord' as regards Divine Truth.

[11] In David,

My father and my mother have forsaken me, and Jehovah welcomes me. Psalms 27:10.

'Father and mother' stands for good and truth which are said to have forsaken a person when it is realized that of himself he is unable to perform anything good or to know anything true. For the meaning, it is evident, is not that David's mother and father forsook him.

[12] In the same author,

You are more beautiful by far than the sons of men. All glorious is the king's daughter within, in her clothing with gold interweavings. Instead of your fathers will be your sons; you will make them into princes in all the earth. Psalms 45:2, 13, 16.

This refers to the Lord. 'Instead of your fathers will be your sons' stands for Divine Truths becoming as Divine Goods. 'The king's daughter' stands for the love of truth; 'clothing with gold interweavings' for the nature of that truth grounded in good. Since the subject is the Lord and His Divine Human, as is evident from this Psalm as a whole and in every part, every single phrase clearly has reference to one and the same thing. So the phrase 'the king's daughter' is not used to mean the daughter of the king, nor are the phrases 'clothing with gold interweavings', 'instead of your fathers will be your sons', and 'their being made into princes in all the earth' to be taken literally, but each phrase means Divine celestial and spiritual things. 'A daughter' means affection or love, see 490, 491, 2362; 'the king' Divine Truth, 1672, 1728, 2015, 2069, 3009; 'gold' good, 113, 1551, 1552. 'That which is interwoven' has reference to natural knowledge, 2831, in this case therefore to Divine natural truth. 'Clothing' means such truths as clothe good, 297, 2576; 'sons instead of fathers' truths begotten from good, in this case Divine Truths being as Divine Goods, 264, 489, 491, 533, 1147, 1729, 1733, 2159, 2623, 2803, 2813. 'Princes in all the earth' are the first and foremost things of the Lord's kingdom and Church - 'princes' being the things that are first and foremost, 1482, 2089, 'the earth' the Lord's kingdom and Church, 1413, 1607, 1733, 1850, 2117, 2118 (end), 3355.

[13] In Moses,

Your fathers Jehovah delighted to love, and He chose their seed after them, even you out of all peoples, as at this day. Therefore circumcise the foreskin of your heart and be stiff-necked no longer. Deuteronomy 10:15-16.

'Fathers' here in the internal sense stands for the Ancient and Most Ancient Churches, whose members were so called by virtue of the love they had of good and truth - the most ancient people, who were celestial, by virtue of their love of good, the ancients, who were spiritual, by virtue of their love of truth. The goods and truths existing in the Church are referred to as 'the seed Jehovah chose'. Clearly Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob and the latter's twelve sons are not meant by the fathers referred to here, nor the Israelite and Jewish people by 'the seed'. Rather the statement is made regarding them and addressed to them in order that the internal sense may be given some external form and so be intelligible to men.

[14] In Isaiah,

The boy will uplift himself against the old man, and the base fellow against the honourable; for a man will take hold of his brother in his father's house, [saying,] You have clothing, you will be leader for us. He will say, In my house there is neither bread [nor clothing]. Do not make me a leader ² of the people. Isaiah 3:5-7.

This refers in the internal sense to a perverted state of the Church when truth is no longer acknowledged as truth, and it is not known what good is. 'A man will take hold of his brother in his father's house' stands for acknowledging everything as good. 'Clothing' stands for truth, 1073, 2576, 'a leader (or prince)' for a first and foremost matter of doctrine drawn from truth, 1482, 2089. 'In the house there is neither bread nor clothing' stands for neither good nor truth - 'bread' meaning good, 276, 680, 3478, and 'clothing' truth, 297, 2576.

[15] Because father and mother, and also daughters and sons, represented goodness and truth in the representative Churches many laws existed which possessed from those representatives that which was Divine within them, such as the following,

If a priest's daughter has acted profanely by committing whoredom, she is profaning her father; she shall be burnt with fire. Leviticus 21:9.

'A priest's daughter' stands for the affection for good, 'father' for the good from which that affection springs. 'Committing whoredom' stands for profaning what is good. What 'committing whoredom' is, see 2466, 2729, 3399, and what 'acting profanely', 1008, 1010, 1059, 2051, 3398, 3399. Also,

If a priest's daughter has been made a widow or divorced and has no seed she shall return to her father's house, as in her youth; she shall eat of her father's bread. No stranger shall eat of it. Leviticus 22:13.

[16] And this law also,

If you see among the captives a wife with a beautiful form and you desire her to take her for yourself as wife you shall bring her inside your home; and she shall shave her head and pare her nails; and she shall take off the clothing of her captivity born upon her, and shall sit in your house and lament her father and her mother a whole month; and after that you shall go in to her and know her, and she shall be your wife. Deuteronomy 21:11-13.

Every single detail in this law is representative of natural truth, which is adopted by good once it has been purified from falsities. Such truth is meant by 'a wife beautiful in form among the captives'; purification from falsities by 'bringing her inside your home', and by her 'shaving her head, paring her nails, taking off the clothing of her captivity, and lamenting her father and mother'; and adoption by 'after that going in to her, knowing her, and taking her as a wife'.

[17] The Marriage Laws requiring marriages to be contracted within the tribe and the family, and also the Inheritance Laws forbidding the transfer of inheritances from one tribe to another, which are written in the Word, also had the same origins, that is to say, in the celestial and spiritual marriage in the Lord's kingdom, or the marriage of good and truth, which are meant by 'father and mother'. The same applies to the laws laid down relating to the permissible and the forbidden degrees of affinity. Each law in the Word concerning those matters has reference inwardly to the law of the affiliation and joining together of good and truth in heaven, and to the affiliations of evil and falsity in hell, which are separated from the former. For laws to do with permissible and forbidden degrees, see Leviticus 20; for laws forbidding the transfer of inheritances from one tribe to another, and for those requiring marriages to be contracted within the tribe, see Numbers 27:7-9, and elsewhere. In heaven the position of every single thing is fixed according to blood relationships of good and truth and to relationships of them through marriage, see 685, 917, 2739, 3612.

[18] Since the Israelitish people represented the Lord's kingdom in heaven and so the heavenly order existing there, the command was also given for them to be singled out according to tribes, according to families, and according to the houses of their fathers, see Numbers 26:1-end. In addition to this they were required to pitch camp around the tent of meeting in conformity with that heavenly order, and also to journey in conformity with it, as stated in Moses,

Each one of the children of Israel shall pitch camp beneath his own standard, by the ensigns of his father's house, at a distance around the tent of meeting. And in the same formations they also set out. Numbers 2:2, 34.

This was why, when Balaam saw Israel dwelling according to their tribes, the Spirit of God came upon him and he delivered this utterance, How good your tabernacles are, O Jacob, your dwelling-places, O Israel? They are like valleys that are planted, like gardens beside a river, etc., etc. Numbers 24:2, 5-6, and following verses.

From every word used here it is evident that not Jacob or Israel were meant but the Lord's kingdom in heaven and His Church on earth, which were represented by that order in which he saw them spread out at that time.

[19] From these examples one may also know what is meant in the internal sense of the Word by orphans! that is, the fatherless, namely people whose state is a state of innocence and charity and who wish to know and put into effect what is good but are not able to do so. Such a state exists in particular with those outside the Church whom the Lord cares about and adopts in the next life as His sons. And since those people are meant by 'orphans', when these are mentioned in the Word, sojourners and widows are in many instances mentioned too. For 'sojourners' means those who are receiving instruction in goods and truths, 1463, and 'widows' those whose state is one of good but not so much of truth, or those whose state is one of truth but not so much of good, and who yet desire what they lack. Since these three - orphans, sojourners, and widows - belong to a very similar line of meaning, therefore all three are in most places mentioned together, as has been stated, see Deuteronomy 14:29; 16:11, 14; 24:17, 19; Jeremiah 7:6; 22:3; Ezekiel 22:6-7; Zechariah 7:10; Psalms 94:6; 146:9. From these considerations one may now see what 'father' means in the genuine sense, namely good, and in the highest sense the Lord.

[20] Now because most things in the Word also have a contrary sense, so has the word 'father'. In that sense it means evil. Equally so 'mother', which in the genuine sense means truth, in the contrary sense means falsity. The contrary meanings may be seen from the following places: In David,

The iniquity of his fathers will be remembered before Jehovah, and the sin of his mother will not be wiped out. Psalms 109:14.

In the same author,

They drew back and acted treacherously like their fathers; they turned about like a deceitful bow. Psalms 78:57.

In Moses,

Until the remainder of you waste away in their iniquity in the lands of your enemies: and they will also waste away in their fathers' iniquities with them. Leviticus 26:39. In Isaiah,

Prepare slaughter for his sons because of the iniquity of their fathers, and let them not rise up again and possess the earth, and fill the face of the earth with cities. Isaiah 14:21.

In the same prophet, I will repay your iniquities, and the iniquities of your fathers together. Isaiah 65:7.

[21] In Jeremiah,

The house of Israel is ashamed, they, their kings, their princes, and their priests, and their prophets, who say to wood, You are my father, and to a stone, You gave birth to me. For they have turned their neck to Me and not their face. Jeremiah 2:26-27.

In the same prophet,

Behold, I am laying before this people stumbling-blocks, and fathers and sons together will stumble against them, neighbour and his friend, and they will perish. Jeremiah 6:21.

In the same prophet,

The sons gather pieces of wood, and the fathers kindle fire, and the women knead dough to make cakes for Melecheth. ³ Jeremiah 7:18.

In Ezekiel,

I will do in you that which I have not done, and such things as I will not do any longer, because of your abominations. Therefore fathers will eat their sons, and sons will eat their fathers; and I will execute judgements on you, and I will scatter the whole remnant of you to every wind. Ezekiel 5:9-10.

This refers to the profanation of what is holy. In the same prophet,

Thus said the Lord Jehovih to Jerusalem, Your tracings and your births are of the land of the Canaanite. Your father was an Amorite and your mother a Hittite. Ezekiel 16:3.

[22] In Matthew,

Brother will deliver up brother to death, and father the son; and children will rise up against parents and put them to death. And so you will be hated by everyone for My name's sake. I have come to set a man (homo) against his father, and a daughter against her mother, and a daughter-in-law against her mother-in-law; and a man's (homo) foes will be those in his own household. Whoever loves father and mother more than Me is not worthy of Me, and whoever loves son and daughter more than Me is not worthy of Me. Matthew 10:21-22, 35-37; Luke 12:49, 52-53.

In the same gospel,

Everyone who has left houses or brothers or sisters or father or mother or wife or children or fields for My name's sake will receive a hundredfold and will be allotted the inheritance of eternal life. Matthew 19:29; Luke 18:29-30; Mark 10:29-30.

In Luke,

If anyone comes to Me and does not hate his father and his mother and wife and children and brothers and sisters, yes, and even his own soul, he cannot be My disciple. Luke 14:26.

[23] In Mark,

Brother will deliver up brother to death, and the father his children, and children will rise up together against parents and will kill them; for you will be hated by all for My name's sake. Mark 13:12-13; Luke 21:16-17.

This refers to the close of the age and is describing the state of the Church when perverted as regards good and truth, that is to say, when evil rises up against truth, and falsity against good. The meaning of 'father' in the contrary sense as evil is evident from the places just quoted and also from the following in John,

Jesus said, If God were your father you would love Me, for from God I went forth and now come. You are of your father the devil, and your will is to do your father's desire. He was a murderer from the beginning and took no stand on the truth because the truth is not in him. When he speaks a lie he speaks from what are his own, for he is the teller of a lie and the father of it. John 8:42, 44.

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