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Éxodo 21

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1 Y estos son los derechos que les propondrás.

2 Si comprares siervo hebreo, seis años servirá; mas al séptimo saldrá libre de balde.

3 Si entró solo, solo saldrá; si tenía mujer, saldrá él y su mujer con él.

4 Si su amo le hubiere dado mujer, y ella le hubiere dado a luz hijos o hijas, la mujer y sus hijos serán de su amo, y él saldrá solo.

5 Y si el siervo dijere: Yo amo a mi señor, a mi mujer y a mis hijos, no saldré libre.

6 Entonces su amo lo hará llegar a los jueces, y le hará llegar a la puerta o al poste; y su amo le horadará la oreja con lezna, y será su siervo para siempre.

7 Y cuando alguno vendiere su hija por sierva, no saldrá como suelen salir los siervos.

8 Si no agradare a su señor, por lo cual no la tomó por esposa, se permitirá que se rescate, y no la podrá vender a pueblo extraño cuando la desechare.

9 Mas si la hubiere desposado con su hijo, hará con ella según la costumbre de las hijas.

10 Si le tomare otra, no disminuirá su alimento, ni su vestido, ni el deber conyugal.

11 Y si ninguna de estas tres cosas hiciere, ella saldrá de gracia sin dinero.

12 El que hiriere a alguno, haciéndole así morir, él morirá.

13 Mas el que no armó asechanzas, sino que Dios lo puso en sus manos, entonces yo te pondré lugar al cual ha de huir.

14 Además, si alguno se ensoberbeciere contra su prójimo, y lo matare con engaño, de mi altar lo quitarás para que muera.

15 Y el que hiriere a su padre o a su madre, morirá.

16 Asimismo el que robare una persona, y la vendiere, o si fuere hallado en sus manos, morirá.

17 Igualmente el que maldijere a su padre o a su madre, morirá.

18 Además, si algunos riñeren, y alguno hiriere a su prójimo con piedra o con el puño, y no muriere, pero cayere en cama;

19 si se levantare y anduviere fuera sobre su bordón, entonces será el que le hirió absuelto; solamente le satisfará lo que estuvo parado, y hará que le curen.

20 Y si alguno hiriere a su siervo o a su sierva con palo, y muriere bajo su mano, será castigado;

21 mas si durare por un día o dos, no será castigado, porque su dinero es.

22 Si algunos riñeren, e hiriesen a alguna mujer embarazada, y ésta abortare, pero sin haber muerte, será penado conforme a lo que le impusiere el marido de la mujer y pagará por jueces.

23 Mas si hubiere muerte, entonces pagarás vida por vida,

24 Ojo por Ojo, diente por diente, mano por mano, pie por pie,

25 quemadura por quemadura, herida por herida, golpe por golpe.

26 Y cuando alguno hiriere el ojo de su siervo, o el ojo de su sierva, y lo dañare, le dará libertad por razón de su ojo.

27 Y si sacare el diente de su siervo, o el diente de su sierva, por su diente le dejará ir libre.

28 Si un buey acorneare hombre o mujer, y a causa de ello muriere, el buey será apedreado, y no se comerá su carne; mas el dueño del buey será absuelto.

29 Pero si el buey era acorneador desde ayer y antes de ayer, y a su dueño le fue hecho requerimiento, y no lo hubiere guardado, y matare hombre o mujer, el buey será apedreado, y también morirá su dueño.

30 Si le fuere impuesto rescate, entonces dará por el rescate de su persona cuanto le fuere impuesto.

31 Haya acorneado hijo, o haya acorneado hija, conforme a este juicio se hará con él.

32 Si el buey acorneare siervo o sierva, pagará treinta siclos de plata su señor, y el buey será apedreado.

33 Y si alguno abriere alguna cisterna, o cavare cisterna, y no la cubriere, y cayere allí buey o asno,

34 el dueño de la cisterna pagará el dinero, restituyendo a su dueño, y lo que fue muerto será suyo.

35 Y si el buey de alguno hiriere al buey de su prójimo, y éste muriere, entonces venderán el buey vivo, y partirán el dinero de él, y también partirán el muerto.

36 Mas si era notorio que el buey era acorneador de ayer y antes de ayer, y su dueño no lo hubiere guardado, pagará buey por buey, y el muerto será suyo.

   

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Arcana Coelestia # 7456

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7456. 'Will they not stone us?' means that they would thereby demolish the truths of faith that related to worship. This is clear from the meaning of 'stoning' as demolishing and wiping out falsities, but in the contrary sense, when done by the evil, as demolishing and wiping out the truths of faith. If the vile, foul, and hellish things referred to above in 7454 were to enter in among people whose worship is holy its holiness would be destroyed. The reason for this is that when a person's worship is holy he is withheld from such things, and people who are governed by good in faith and life are raised above the level of the senses on which such things reside. But when such objects do enter in the foul things present on the sensory level are stirred up - that is, the things which a person is withheld from when his worship is holy, as has been stated, and which people governed by good are raised above - and the holiness of the worship is destroyed. Experience too demonstrates this plainly, for if, when a person offers worship to God, some foul object appears and is not removed, worship ceases and is destroyed. This is what is meant when it is said that if those steeped in falsities arising from evils were nearby they would demolish the truths of faith that relate to worship.

[2] As for the meaning of 'stoning', it should be recognized that the Jews and Israelites, among whom a representative of the Church had been established, had two kinds of capital punishment, one being stoning, the other hanging on wood. Stoning was used if anyone sought to destroy the truths relating to worship which were commanded, while hanging was used if anyone sought to destroy goodness of life. The reason why those who sought to destroy truths relating to worship were stoned was that a stone was a sign of truth and in the contrary sense of falsity, 643, 1298, 3720, 6426. And the reason why those who sought to destroy goodness of life were hanged on wood was that wood was a sign of good and in the contrary sense of the evil belonging to evil desires, 643, 2784, 2812, 3720.

[3] The fact that punishment by stoning would be used if anyone should destroy truths relating to worship is evident from the following places: In Ezekiel,

Finally they will cause an assembly to come up upon you, and they will stone you with stones and cut you up with their swords. Ezekiel 16:40.

This refers to the perverse Jerusalem and the destruction of the truth of faith by means of falsities. This is why it says that 'they will stone with stones' and also 'cut up with swords', for 'a sword' means truth engaged in conflict with falsity and destroying it, and in the contrary sense falsity engaged in conflict with truth and destroying it, 2799, 4499, 6353, 7102.

[4] A similar statement occurs elsewhere in the same prophet,

Cause an assembly to come up against them, in order that the assembly may stone them with stones and tear them apart with their swords. Ezekiel 23:46-47.

This refers to Jerusalem and Samaria, by which the Church is meant. Jerusalem means the celestial-spiritual Church, Samaria the spiritual Church, and this chapter describes how forms of the good and truth of faith were destroyed in them.

[5] In Moses,

If an ox strikes a man or woman with its horn so that the person dies, the ox shall surely be stoned. Exodus 21:28.

'Striking a man or woman with the horn' means falsity engaged in conflict with truth and goodness and destroying them. For 'the horn' is falsity engaged in conflict, and also the power of falsity, 2832, while 'man and woman' in the Word means truth and goodness; and this makes plain what the internal sense of that command is and why it was that the ox had to be stoned.

[6] In the same author,

Anyone blaspheming the name of Jehovah shall surely be killed; all the congregation shall certainly stone him. Leviticus 24:16.

'Blaspheming the name of Jehovah' means using malevolent falsities to do violence to truths and forms of good that relate to worship. 'The name of Jehovah' means everything in one embrace that is used to worship Jehovah, see 2724, 3006, thus every aspect of faith and charity, 6674. This also explains why the Israelite woman s son who blasphemed the name of Jehovah was led outside the camp and stoned, Leviticus 24:11, 14, 23. Furthermore it had been commanded that those who served other gods should be stoned, Deuteronomy 17:3, 5, and also those who enticed anyone to serve other gods, Deuteronomy 13:6-10. 'Serving other gods' means profane worship by means of which true worship is destroyed.

[7] If no evidence of virginity were found with a young woman when she married she was to be stoned because she had played the fool in Israel by committing whoredom in her father's house, Deuteronomy 22:20-21. The reason for this was that 'whoredom' meant the falsification of truth, thus the destruction of it, 2466, 4865. If a man lay in the city with a young woman, a virgin, who was betrothed to a man, both were to be stoned, Deuteronomy 22:23-24, and for the same reason, namely whoredom; for spiritual whoredom is the falsification of truth. In Luke 20:5-6, [one reads about the chief priests, scribes, and elders] coming to the conclusion among themselves that if they said John's baptism was from heaven [the Lord] would say, 'Why did you not believe him?' But if they said 'From men', all the people would stone them. Here also 'stoning' is spoken of because of opposition to the truth.

The reason why the Jews sought to stone Jesus because He said, Before Abraham was, I am, John 8:58-59, was that that nation believed this to be false. In a similar way they sought to stone Jesus because He said He and His Father were one, John 10:30-33; for they thought, as these verses also state, that this was blasphemy.

From all this one may now see what stoning was and why it was commanded, and also that punishment by stoning, administered since ancient times as its use in Egypt proves, was derived from the representatives of the Ancient Church.

  
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Thanks to the Swedenborg Society for the permission to use this translation.