423. Tubal-cain is called 'a teacher of every craftsman' but not 'a father' as Jabal and Jubal have been. The reason is that celestial and spiritual, or internal, things did not exist previously. Those two are called fathers because those things first existed at that point, whereas natural or external things did exist previously, though now allied to internal things. Therefore he is not called 'a father' but 'a teacher of craftsmen'.