(Un commento su Giovanni 21:15-25)

Nella prima parte di questo capitolo, sette discepoli del Signore erano tornati a casa in Galilea. Erano andati a pescare, avevano visto Gesù sulla riva, avevano seguito le sue istruzioni di pescare sul lato destro della barca, avevano trascinato a riva una rete carica di 153 pesci, e... quando inizia la seconda metà del capitolo, hanno appena finito di rompere il loro digiuno con Lui. Ora si stanno rilassando.

Gesù dice a Pietro: "Mi ami tu?" e Pietro, forse un po' sorpreso dalla domanda, pensando che la risposta sia ovvia, risponde "sì", e Gesù risponde: "Pasci i miei agnelli". Altre due volte si ripete questa sequenza, ma con alcuni cambiamenti. Poi, dopo questa insolita conversazione, il Signore racconta a tutti loro una piccola parabola sull'essere giovani e poi essere vecchi. Poi il Signore dice a Pietro di seguirlo, e Pietro, apparentemente geloso, chiede cosa dovrebbe fare Giovanni. Il Signore rimprovera blandamente la gelosia di Pietro dicendo: "Se quest'uomo si trattiene fino alla mia venuta, che ti importa?", ma poi dice anche a Giovanni di seguirlo.

Infine, il vangelo di Giovanni, e in effetti la raccolta di tutti e quattro i vangeli, si chiude con una spiegazione di Giovanni che è lo scrittore di questo vangelo.

Quindi ora guardiamo più da vicino la conversazione, la parabola e lo scoppio della gelosia.

Solo due dei sette discepoli, Pietro e Giovanni, sono menzionati in questa parte della storia. Pietro rappresenta la fede, o la verità, ma la verità sulle cose spirituali che crediamo davvero provengano da Dio. Giovanni rappresenta il bene, o l'amore verso il prossimo. Il primo risiede nella parte di comprensione della mente e il secondo nella parte di volontà della mente.

Nel dire a Pietro di pascere le sue pecore, il Signore sta dicendo che seguirlo significa predicare le verità che tutti i discepoli ora conoscono sul Signore, sulla sua venuta, e su come una vita dovrebbe essere condotta, per essere un seguace del Signore in una nuova chiesa. Nella conversazione il Signore è diretto e penetrante. "Simone, figlio di Giona, mi ami più di questi?". Penso che a Pietro venga chiesto se ama il Signore, Gesù, più di quanto ami i suoi amici galileiani, anche se è ambiguo, potrebbe significare "mi ami più di questi altri sei?". Quando Pietro risponde la prima volta dice "Signore tu sai che ti amo".

Con questa prima delle tre domande di sondaggio, il Signore risponde "Pasci i miei agnelli", mentre dopo la risposta è "Pasci le mie pecore". Pecore e agnelli rappresentano entrambi persone che sono in un amore di fare il bene, ma mentre le pecore significano coloro che amano fare il bene per il bene del prossimo, gli agnelli significano coloro che fanno il bene per il bene del Signore. Il primo è il bene spirituale, e il secondo è più alto, ed è chiamato bene celeste. Ma le persone che vogliono fare il bene all'inizio non sanno cos'è il bene; hanno bisogno di impararlo dalla Parola e di essere istruite. Per questo viene detto a Pietro di "nutrirli", cioè che la verità deve indicare come si deve fare il bene. Per fare le cose buone, il volere della volontà e il sapere come farlo devono essere congiunti. Per una vita cristiana di successo, o su una scala più grande, una chiesa cristiana, 'Pietro' e 'Giovanni' devono lavorare in armonia.

Poi arriva la parabola. "Quando eri giovane ti sei preparato e hai fatto quello che volevi da solo. Ma quando diventi vecchio, devi chiedere aiuto e un altro ti porterà dove tu non vuoi andare".

Questo non sembra adattarsi qui, ma naturalmente lo fa, e in due modi. Il primo modo è dato nel testo biblico; si tratta della morte del Signore, che tutte le profezie lo stavano portando alla sua crocifissione, come viene menzionato. Il secondo modo è una lezione per tutti noi. Quando siamo giovani, fiduciosi e forti, sentiamo che possiamo fare ciò che vogliamo e non abbiamo bisogno di aiuto. Le tentazioni di fare il male le possiamo affrontare da soli. Ma quando diventiamo più saggi ci rendiamo conto che tutta la nostra forza viene dal Signore, e se continuiamo a dipendere solo da noi stessi, le tentazioni degli inferi saranno troppo forti e saremo portati a fare quello che gli inferi vogliono per noi, non quello che vogliamo noi. Dobbiamo imparare fin dall'inizio a seguire il Signore e a dipendere da Lui. Questo lo dice alla fine della parabola, dove sembra non adattarsi fino a quando non capiamo la parabola. "E quando ebbe detto questo, disse a (loro), seguitemi". Questo è quello che dobbiamo fare anche noi.

Pietro è felice di fare questa predicazione della verità e forse sente di essere stato scelto, ma si rende anche conto che anche Giovanni ama il Signore ed è amato in cambio. Così chiede: "E cosa dovrebbe fare quest'uomo? Sembra che l'armonia necessaria non sia ancora presente, e che Pietro sia geloso del legame, e probabilmente spera di essere assicurato che lui sia il numero uno... ma questo non accade. A Pietro viene semplicemente detto che non importa; deve fare il lavoro che gli è stato dato.

Mi viene in mente la storia di Giacobbe ed Esaù, in Genesi 25, dove Esaù è il primogenito ed erediterà la primogenitura e la benedizione da Isacco, come suo diritto. Giacobbe, con un'astuzia escogitata da sua madre, inganna Isacco e ruba ciò che è di Esaù. Poi scappa a Padan-Aram e rimane lì con suo zio e diventa ricco. Solo durante il viaggio di ritorno, quando lotta con l'angelo e si fa cambiare il nome in Israele, incontra nuovamente Esaù. Il cambio di nome significa che ora che Giacobbe è ricco di verità dalla Parola, ora con l'incontro amichevole con Esaù, anch'esso ricco, che i due gemelli possono in parabola, essere fusi in un solo personaggio, chiamato Israele, che significa l'unione di bene e verità nella mente.

Esaù significa qualcosa di simile a Giovanni, entrambi rappresentano la bontà o la vera carità. Giacobbe significa qualcosa di simile a Pietro, entrambi rappresentano la verità appresa dalla Parola. Qualsiasi apparente inimicizia tra loro su quale sia più importante può renderli entrambi inutili, e in una persona che sta diventando angelica (come tutti dovrebbero mirare), non c'è inimicizia. La verità permette il bene e il bene ispira la verità per ottenere qualcosa. Anche se possiamo pensarli e parlarne separatamente, essi sono (perfettamente nel Signore e meno negli angeli) congiunti in un'unità tale da essere visti come sposati. Il matrimonio tra il bene divino del Signore e la verità divina è l'origine di tutta la creazione. Sì, tutta la creazione.

Questo matrimonio del bene e della verità, e la necessità che entrambi operino nella nostra vita, in equilibrio e armonia, è un concetto centrale del Nuovo Cristianesimo.

Nei Vangeli, c'è solo un'altra storia che si svolge dopo questa. In essa, il resto dei discepoli si unisce ai sette menzionati qui per ascoltare gli ultimi comandi del Signore.

3993. 'Removing from it every speckled and spotted member of the flock' means that everything good and true that is meant by 'Laban' and which - when mingled with evil, meant by 'speckled', or mingled with falsity, meant by 'spotted' - will be separated. This is clear from the meaning of 'removing' as separating, and from the meaning of 'member of the flock', in this case she-goats and lambs, as goods and truths, dealt with in 1824, 3519. The fact that these details and those that follow in this chapter hold arcana within them may be recognized from the consideration that for the most part they would not be worth mentioning in the Divine Word if they did not include any deeper arcana than those to be seen in the letter, such as the following: For his wages Jacob asked for the speckled and the spotted among the she-goats and for the black among the lambs; and after this, in the runners he placed rods - which he had peeled down to the white and which were of hazel and of plane - in front of Laban's flocks when these came on heat, and in the case of the lambs he set the faces of the flock towards the variegated and the black in Laban's flock, thereby making himself rich not by the use of a good skill but of an evil one. These details do not seem to hold anything Divine within them, and yet the Word is Divine in every single part, even to the smallest part of a letter. And what is more, knowing all these details does not contribute one tiny bit to a person's salvation, yet being Divine the Word does not contain within itself anything else than such things as lead to salvation and eternal life.

[2] From these details and others like them elsewhere anyone may come to the conclusion that some arcanum is concealed within them, and that although in the literal sense they are the kind of facts that are not worth mentioning, those details - every single one - are pregnant with ideas much more Divine. But what exactly these ideas may be cannot possibly be seen by anyone except from the internal sense, that is, unless he knows the way in which angels perceive these matters; for they perceive the spiritual sense when man sees the historical natural sense. How remote these two senses seem to be from each other when in fact they are closely linked to one another may become quite evident from the historical details explained above and from all other such details. The actual arcanum present within the details here and in those after them in this chapter may, it is true, be known to some extent from what has been stated already about Laban and Jacob - about 'Laban' meaning the kind of good by means of which genuine goods and truths are able to be introduced, while 'Jacob' means the good of truth. Yet few know what natural good corresponding to spiritual good is, even fewer what spiritual good is and that a correspondence ought to exist between the two, and fewer still that a type of good which merely looks like good is the means for introducing genuine goods and truths. This being so, the arcana which describe these matters cannot be explained easily and intelligibly since they fall within the poorly lit parts of the understanding. It is rather like someone talking in a foreign language, in that no matter how clearly the thing is explained in that language the hearer does not understand. Even so, because what is concealed in the internal sense of the Word is to be made known, the actual arcanum within the details here has to be discussed.

[3] In the highest sense the subject at this point is how the Lord made His own Natural Divine, and in the representative sense how the Lord regenerates the natural as it exists with man and brings it into correspondence with his interior man, that is, with that which is going to live after the death of the body. At that point it is called man's spirit which, when released from the body, takes with it every part of the external man except the flesh and bones. If the correspondence of the internal man with the external has not been effected in the temporal state, that is, during a person's life in the body, it is not effected after that. The Lord's joining of the two together through regeneration is the subject in the internal sense here.

[4] Previous sections have dealt with the general truths which a person ought to receive and acknowledge before he can be regenerated, those truths being meant by Jacob's ten sons by Leah and the servant-girls; then they deal - after he has received and acknowledged them - with the joining of the external man to the interior, that is, of the natural man to the spiritual, which was meant by 'Joseph'. Now in the sequence of ideas the subject is the fruitfulness of good and the multiplication of truth which begin to occur once the rational man has been joined to the spiritual, and in the measure that they are so joined. These are the considerations meant by the flock which Jacob acquired to himself by means of Laban's flock. 'Flock' here means good and truth, as it does many times elsewhere in the Word. 'Laban's flock' means the good that is represented by 'Laban', the nature of which has been stated above; 'Jacob's flock' means the genuine good and truth which is acquired by means of that good represented by Laban.

[5] It is the way in which genuine goods and truths are acquired that is described here. Yet this cannot by any means be comprehended unless one knows what is meant in the internal sense by 'speckled', 'spotted', 'black' and 'white', and therefore these must first be dealt with here. That which is speckled or that which is spotted consists of black and of white. In general 'black' means that which is evil, in particular man's proprium since this is nothing but evil. 'Dark' however means that which is false, and in particular false assumptions. 'White' in the internal sense means truth; strictly speaking it means the Lord's Righteousness and Merit, and from this the Lord's righteousness and merit as these exist with man. This whiteness is called bright because it shines from the light that radiates from the Lord. But 'white' in the contrary sense means self-righteousness or one's own merit. Indeed truth devoid of good has such merit within it, for when any good action performed by a person does not stem from the good of truth that person always desires something in return since he acts for the sake of himself. But when good lies behind the truth that a person carries into effect, that truth is enlightened by the light which radiates from the Lord. From this one may see what is meant by 'spotted', namely truth with which falsity has been mingled, and what by 'speckled', namely good with which evil has been mingled.

[6] Actually visible in the next life are colours so beautiful and bright that they defy description, 1053, 1624. They are the product of the variegation of light and shade within white and black. But although it appears before the eyes as light, the light there is unlike the light in the world. The light in heaven includes intelligence and wisdom, for Divine Intelligence and Wisdom from the Lord manifest themselves there as light and also light up the whole of heaven, 2776, 3138, 3167, 3190, 3195, 3222, 3223, 3225, 3339-3341, 3485, 3636, 3643, 3862. Shade likewise in the next life, although it appears as shade, is unlike shade in the world, since the shade in that life is the absence of light and as a consequence the lack of intelligence and wisdom. So because the white and the black are in the next life a product of light which has intelligence and wisdom within it, and a product of the shade which is the lack of these, it is evident that white and black mean such things as have been stated above. Consequently, since colours are the modifications of light and shade within surfaces consisting of white and black, it is the variegations produced by those modifications that are called colours, 1042, 1043, 1053.

[7] From all this one may see what is meant by speckled, or marked and dotted with black and white specks, namely good with which evil has been mingled, and also what is meant by spotted, namely truth with which falsity has been mingled. These are the things that were taken from 'Laban good' to serve in the introducing of genuine goods and truths. But in what way they are able to serve is an arcanum which can indeed be presented clearly to those who see in the light of heaven because this light, as has been stated, holds intelligence within it, but not to those who see in the light of the world unless their light of the world is lit up by the light of heaven, as it is with those who are regenerate. For every regenerate person sees goods and truths within his own natural light from the light of heaven, because the light of heaven brings sight to his understanding even as the inferior light of the world gives him natural sight.

[8] But all this needs to be taken a little further. No pure good, or good with which evil is not mingled, exists with anyone. Neither does any pure truth, or truth with which falsity is not mingled, exist with him. This is because man's will is nothing but evil, from which falsity is constantly passing into his understanding; for as is well known, he possesses by inheritance the evil that has been accumulated consecutively by his forefathers. From this inheritance he brings out evil into his own actions and makes it his own, adding further evil from himself to the inheritance. But the evils residing with man are of various kinds. There are evils with which goods cannot be mingled and there are evils with which they can. And the same applies to falsities. If this were not so nobody could ever have been regenerated. The evils and falsities with which goods and truths cannot be mingled are ones that are contrary to love to God and love towards the neighbour - forms of hatred, revenge, and cruelty, and consequent contempt for others in comparison with oneself, and also consequent false persuasions. But the evils and falsities with which goods and truths can be mingled are ones that are not contrary to love to God and love towards the neighbour.

[9] Take for example anyone who loves himself more than others and because of that love strives to excel others in private life and in public life, to excel them in knowledge and doctrine, and to be promoted to positions of greater importance than others, and also to greater affluence than others. If at the same time he acknowledges and adores the Lord, from the heart performs acts of kindness to the neighbour, and from conscience behaves justly and fairly, the evil that belongs to his self-love is such that good and truth can be mingled with it. For this is an evil which belongs to a person as his own and into which he is born by heredity. And to take that away from him suddenly would be to put out the fire of life that burns in him at first. But in the case of someone who loves himself more than others and because of that love despises others in comparison with himself, hates those who do not hold him in esteem and so to speak adore him, and therefore enjoys the feelings of hatred that are present in revenge and cruelty, the evil of that love is such that good and truth cannot be mingled with it because they are contraries.

[10] Take as another example anyone who believes that he is pure from sins, and so is cleansed like somebody from whom dirt has been washed away by means of much water, once he has repented and carried out the prescribed penances, or after he has made his confession and heard the confessor declare him free from sins, or after he has been to the Holy Supper. If he leads a new life, being stirred by an affection for good and truth, that falsity is such that good can be mingled with it. But if he goes on leading a carnal and worldly life as before, it is in that case a falsity with which good cannot be mingled. Also, with anyone who believes that man is saved by virtue of believing what is good and not of willing it, and yet who does will what is good and therefore does it, that falsity is such that good and truth can be attached to it. But not so if he does not will what is good and therefore does not do it.

[11] Take yet another example. If anyone does not know that man rises again after death and consequently does not believe in the resurrection, or else if anyone who does know but nevertheless doubts or practically denies it, and yet each one leads a life of truth and goodness, good and truth can be mingled with that falsity also. But if a person leads a life of falsity and evil they cannot be mingled with that same falsity because they are contraries. The falsity destroys the truth, and the evil destroys the good.

[12] And still another example. Pretence and shrewdness which have a good end in view, whether the good of the neighbour, or of one's country, or of the Church, constitute prudence. The evils that are mixed up with them can be mingled with good by reason of and for the sake of the end in view. But presence and shrewdness which have an evil end in view do not constitute prudence but trickery and deceit. Good cannot possibly be joined to these, for deceit which goes with an evil end in view brings what is of hell into every single part of a person, sets evil in the middle, and casts good away to the circumferences. This order is the order itself of hell. And so with countless other examples that could be taken.

[13] The fact that there are some evils and falsities to which goods and truths can be attached may be seen merely from the consideration that so many different dogmas and teachings exist, many of them totally heretical, and yet subscribing to each one there are people who are saved. The same may also be seen from the consideration that among gentiles outside of the Church there is another Church that is the Lord's, and that those are saved who lead charitable lives, even though falsities exist with them, 2589 2604. This could by no means be the case if there were no evils with which goods can be mingled, and no falsities with which truths can be mingled. For the evils with which goods are mingled, and the falsities with which truths are mingled, are wonderfully arranged into order by the Lord. For they are not combined with one another, still less are they made into one, but lie adjacent to and touch one another, so that in fact the goods together with the truths occupy the middle, at the central point so to speak, while the evils and falsities occupy positions radiating outwards to the surrounding areas or circumferences. Consequently the evils and falsities receive light from the goods and truths, and are variegated like patches of white and black created by light radiating from the middle or centre. This constitutes heavenly order. These are the things meant in the internal sense by 'speckled' and 'spotted'.