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John 21:15-25 : Feed my lambs, Feed my sheep

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15 So when they had dined, Jesus saith to Simon Peter, Simon, son of Jonas, lovest thou me more than these? He saith unto him, Yea, Lord; thou knowest that I love thee. He saith unto him, Feed my lambs.

16 He saith to him again the second time, Simon, son of Jonas, lovest thou me? He saith unto him, Yea, Lord; thou knowest that I love thee. He saith unto him, Feed my sheep.

17 He saith unto him the third time, Simon, son of Jonas, lovest thou me? Peter was grieved because he said unto him the third time, Lovest thou me? And he said unto him, Lord, thou knowest all things; thou knowest that I love thee. Jesus saith unto him, Feed my sheep.

18 Verily, verily, I say unto thee, When thou wast young, thou girdedst thyself, and walkedst whither thou wouldest: but when thou shalt be old, thou shalt stretch forth thy hands, and another shall gird thee, and carry thee whither thou wouldest not.

19 This spake he, signifying by what death he should glorify God. And when he had spoken this, he saith unto him, Follow me.

20 Then Peter, turning about, seeth the disciple whom Jesus loved following; which also leaned on his breast at supper, and said, Lord, which is he that betrayeth thee?

21 Peter seeing him saith to Jesus, Lord, and what shall this man do?

22 Jesus saith unto him, If I will that he tarry till I come, what is that to thee? follow thou me.

23 Then went this saying abroad among the brethren, that that disciple should not die: yet Jesus said not unto him, He shall not die; but, If I will that he tarry till I come, what is that to thee?

24 This is the disciple which testifieth of these things, and wrote these things: and we know that his testimony is true.

25 And there are also many other things which Jesus did, the which, if they should be written every one, I suppose that even the world itself could not contain the books that should be written. Amen.

Comentario

 

Una conversación después del desayuno

Por Joe David (Traducido por computadora al Español)

This inscription is on a stone at the church hall in South Ronaldsey, in the Orkneys, northeast of Scotland.

(Un comentario sobre Juan 21:15-25)

En la primera parte de este capítulo, siete discípulos del Señor habían vuelto a casa, a Galilea. Habían ido a pescar, habían visto a Jesús en la orilla, habían seguido sus instrucciones de pescar a la derecha de la barca, habían arrastrado a la orilla una red cargada con 153 peces y... al comenzar la segunda mitad del capítulo, acaban de terminar de romper el ayuno con Él. Ahora están descansando.

Jesús le dice a Pedro: "¿Me amas?" y Pedro, quizá un poco asustado por la pregunta, pensando que la respuesta es obvia, responde "sí", y Jesús le responde: "Apacienta mis corderos". Dos veces más se repite esta secuencia, pero con algunos cambios. Luego, después de esta inusual conversación, el Señor les cuenta a todos una pequeña parábola sobre ser joven y más tarde ser viejo. Entonces el Señor le dice a Pedro que le siga, y éste, aparentemente celoso, le pregunta qué debe hacer Juan. El Señor reprende suavemente los celos de Pedro diciendo: "Si éste se queda hasta que yo venga, ¿qué os importa?", pero luego le dice a Juan que también le siga.

Finalmente, el evangelio de Juan, y de hecho la colección de los cuatro evangelios, se cierra con una explicación de Juan de que él es el escritor de este evangelio.

Veamos ahora con más detalle la conversación, la parábola y el brote de celos.

Sólo dos de los siete discípulos, Pedro y Juan, son mencionados en esta parte del relato. Pedro representa la fe, o la verdad, pero la verdad sobre las cosas espirituales que realmente creemos que vienen de Dios. Juan representa el bien, o el amor al prójimo. El primero reside en la parte del entendimiento de la mente y el segundo en la parte de la voluntad de la mente.

Al decirle a Pedro que apaciente a sus ovejas, el Señor está diciendo que seguirle significa predicar las verdades que todos los discípulos conocen ahora sobre el Señor, su venida y sobre cómo debe llevarse una vida, para ser un seguidor del Señor en una nueva iglesia. En la conversación el Señor es directo e incisivo. "Simón, hijo de Jonás, ¿me quieres más que éstos?" Creo que a Pedro le está preguntando si ama al Señor, a Jesús, más que a sus compañeros galileos, aunque es ambiguo, podría significar "¿me amas más que estos otros seis?". Cuando Pedro responde la primera vez dice "Señor tú sabes que te amo".

Con esta primera de las tres preguntas de sondeo, el Señor responde "Apacienta mis corderos", mientras que después la respuesta es "Apacienta mis ovejas". Tanto las ovejas como los corderos representan a las personas que aman hacer el bien, pero mientras las ovejas significan los que aman hacer el bien por el prójimo, los corderos significan los que hacen el bien por el Señor. El primero es el bien espiritual, y el segundo es más elevado, y se llama bien celestial. Pero las personas que desean hacer el bien al principio no saben lo que es bueno; necesitan aprenderlo de la Palabra y ser enseñados. Por eso se le dice a Pedro que "los alimente", es decir, que la verdad debe indicar cómo se debe hacer el bien. Para hacer cosas buenas, es necesario que la voluntad quiera y el entendimiento sepa cómo hacerlo. Para que una vida cristiana tenga éxito, o a mayor escala, una iglesia cristiana, "Pedro" y "Juan" deben trabajar en armonía.

Luego viene la parábola. "Cuando eras joven te preparabas y hacías lo que querías por tu cuenta. Pero cuando te haces viejo, tienes que pedir ayuda y otro te llevará donde no quieres ir".

Esto no parece encajar aquí, pero por supuesto que sí, y de dos maneras. La primera forma se da en el texto bíblico; se trata de la muerte del Señor, que todas las profecías lo llevaban a su crucifixión, como se menciona. La segunda forma es una lección para todos nosotros. Cuando somos jóvenes, confiados y fuertes, sentimos que podemos hacer lo que queremos y no necesitamos ninguna ayuda. Las tentaciones de hacer el mal las podemos afrontar nosotros mismos. Pero cuando nos hacemos más sabios nos damos cuenta de que toda nuestra fuerza viene del Señor, y si seguimos dependiendo sólo de nosotros mismos, las tentaciones de los infiernos serán demasiado fuertes y nos llevarán a hacer lo que los infiernos quieren para nosotros, no lo que nosotros queremos. Debemos aprender desde el principio a seguir al Señor y a depender de Él. Esto lo dice al final de la parábola, donde parece no encajar hasta que entendemos la parábola. "Y habiendo dicho esto, les dijo (a ellos): seguidme". Eso es lo que tenemos que hacer también nosotros.

Pedro está contento de hacer esta predicación de la verdad y tal vez siente que ha sido señalado, pero también se da cuenta de que Juan también ama al Señor y es amado a su vez. Por eso pregunta: "¿Y qué debe hacer este hombre?". Parece que aún no existe la armonía necesaria, y que Pedro está celoso del vínculo, y probablemente espera que le aseguren que es el número uno... pero eso no sucede. A Pedro se le dice simplemente que no importa; tiene que hacer el trabajo que se le ha encomendado.

Me recuerda la historia de Jacob y Esaú, en Génesis 25, donde Esaú es el primogénito y heredará la primogenitura y la bendición de Isaac, como le corresponde. Jacob, mediante un ardid ideado por su madre, engaña a Isaac y le roba lo que es de Esaú. Luego huye a Padan-Aram y se queda allí con su tío y se enriquece. Sólo en su viaje de regreso, cuando lucha con el ángel y se le cambia el nombre a Israel, se encuentra de nuevo con Esaú. El cambio de nombre significa que ahora que Jacob es rico con la verdad de la Palabra, ahora con el encuentro amistoso con Esaú, también rico, que los dos gemelos pueden en parábola, fundirse en un solo personaje, llamado Israel, que significa la unión del bien y la verdad en la mente.

Esaú significa algo parecido a Juan, ambos representan la bondad o la verdadera caridad. Jacob significa algo similar a Pedro, ambos representan la verdad aprendida de la Palabra. Cualquier enemistad aparente entre ellos en cuanto a cuál es más importante puede hacer que ambos sean inútiles, y en una persona que se está volviendo angélica (como todos deberían aspirar), no hay enemistad. La verdad permite el bien, y el bien inspira la verdad para conseguir algo. Aunque podemos pensar y hablar de ellos por separado, están (perfectamente en el Señor y menos en los ángeles) unidos en una unidad para ser vistos como casados. El matrimonio del bien divino y la verdad divina del Señor es el origen de toda la creación. Sí, toda la creación.

Este matrimonio entre el bien y la verdad, y la necesidad de que ambos funcionen en nuestras vidas, en equilibrio y armonía, es un concepto neocristiano fundamental.

En los Evangelios, hay una historia más que tiene lugar después de ésta. En ella, el resto de los discípulos se unen a los siete mencionados aquí para escuchar las últimas órdenes del Señor.

De obras de Swedenborg

 

Arcana Coelestia #9300

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9300. 'The first of the firstfruits of your ground you shall bring into the house of [Jehovah] your God' means that every truth of good and every good of truth is holy because it comes from the Lord alone. This is clear from the meaning of 'the firstfruits of the ground' as the truth that the Church's forms of good and its truths must be attributed to the Lord alone (for these are meant by 'the firstfruits', see 9223, and the Church by 'the ground', 566, 1068), the expression 'the first of the firstfruits' being used because that truth must be paramount, since forms of good and truths receive their life from the Lord, that is, they receive it from the Lord when they are attributed to Him; and from the meaning of 'bringing into the house of God' as bringing them to the Lord, in order that they may be holy (for 'the house of God' is the Lord, see 3720, and everything holy comes from the Lord, 9229). From all this it is evident that 'the first of the firstfruits of your ground you shall bring into the house of your God' means that every truth of good and every good of truth is holy because it comes from the Lord alone.

[2] The terms 'truth of good' and 'good of truth' are used because in the case of a person who is being regenerated, and especially of one who has been regenerated, truths emanate from good, and forms of good emanate from truth. For the truths compose the life of his understanding, and the good the life of his will. And with the person who has been regenerated understanding and will form a mind that is one, communicating reciprocally with each other; the truths which belong to the understanding communicate with the good which belongs to the will, and the good belonging to the will with the truths belonging to the understanding. There is a mutual flow from one to the other, scarcely any different from the flow of the blood from the heart into the lungs, and from them into the heart again, then from the left side of the heart into the arteries, and from these back again through veins into the heart. One can form an idea similar to this regarding the reciprocal flow of the good and truth with a person from his understanding into his will and from his will into his understanding. The reason why the heart and lungs can give us an idea especially of the reciprocal activity of the truth of faith and the good of charity in the understanding and the will is that the lungs correspond to the truths belonging to faith and the heart to the good belonging to love, 3635, 3883-3896. So it is also that 'the heart' in the Word means the life of the will, and 'the soul' 1 the life of faith, 9050.

[3] The reason why those two organs can help us to form an idea regarding truths belonging to the understanding and good belonging to the will is that all things which are aspects of faith and of love are accompanied by ideas formed from such things as a person knows. For without ideas formed from things that can be known and things that can be perceived by the senses a person has no ability to think. And a person thinks properly, even about aspects of faith and love, when he does so from objects that correspond; for correspondences are natural truths in which spiritual truths are reflected as in a mirror. Therefore to the extent that ideas in the mind regarding spiritual realities are conceived of but not by means of those correspondences, they are formed either from the illusions of the senses or from absurdities. What a person's ideas are like regarding aspects of faith and of love is transparently evident in the next life, for people's ideas there are plainly perceptible.

[4] The statement that the truths of faith belong to a person's understanding and the good of charity to his will may seem to be nonsensical to people who say and are convinced that having a belief in matters of faith is all that is necessary. This is because the natural man and his power of understanding has no grasp whatever of things of that nature, and because faith comes not from a person himself but from the Lord. But those same people nevertheless acknowledge and believe that a person is enlightened by truths and inspired by good when he reads the Word, and that when he is enlightened he perceives what is or is not the truth. They also speak of those who excel others in uncovering truths from the Word as the enlightened. From this it is evident that those who are enlightened see and perceive within themselves whether something is the truth or not; what is then enlightened within them is their understanding, and what is then inspired within them is their will. But if that which enlightens them is the authentic truth of faith and that which inspires them is the authentic good of charity, it is the internal man's understanding that is enlightened and the internal man's will that is inspired. The situation is different if the truth of faith, or the good of charity, is unauthentic.

[5] People governed by these, and even those ruled by falsities and evils are indeed able to give their assent to the Church's truths; yet they have no inner ability to see and perceive whether they really are truths. So it is that most people keep to the teachings of the Church in which they were born but go no further than giving their assent to them. They would assent even to extremely heretical beliefs such as those of Socinianism or Judaism if they had been born from parents holding such beliefs. From all this it is evident that the understanding is enlightened in the case of those with an affection for truth arising from good but not in the case of those with an affection for truth arising from evil. In the case of those with an affection for truth arising from good the internal man's understanding is enlightened and the internal man's will is inspired, whereas in the case of those with an affection for truth arising from evil the internal man's understanding is not enlightened nor is the internal man's will inspired, for the reason that they are natural men and women. As a consequence of this they maintain that the natural man has no ability to grasp any thing which is a matter of faith.

[6] The fact that the understanding is what is enlightened by the truths of faith and the will is what is inspired by the good of charity in the case of those with an affection for truth arising from good, who are therefore more internal or spiritual men and women, is evident from the same kind of people in the next life. Those who are there are able to understand all matters of faith and to will all that constitutes charity, as they themselves also clearly perceive. Consequently intelligence and wisdom beyond description are theirs; for after they have cast aside the body they enjoy that more internal understanding which was being enlightened in the world and that more internal will which was being inspired in the world. But they could not perceive during that time how they were being enlightened and inspired because during that time their thinking took place within the body and was founded on such things as belong to the world. From all this it is now clear that the truths of faith compose the life of the understanding and the good of charity composes the life of the will, that is, that the understanding ought to be present in those things which are matters of faith and the will in those which are aspects of charity. Or what amounts to the same thing, those two powers of mind are what faith and charity from the Lord flow into; and these are received according to the state of those powers. Thus the Lord's dwelling-place with a person is nowhere else than within those powers.

[7] An idea of what more there is to all this may be gained from what has been stated about the internal man and the external man in 6057, 9279, namely this: The internal man has been created so as to conform to an image of heaven, but the external man so as to conform to an image of the world; and those whose internal man has not been opened up see nothing from a heavenly point of view. And what they see from a worldly point of view regarding heaven is thick darkness, as a consequence of which they cannot have any spiritual idea about such things as are matters of faith and charity. As a result of this furthermore they fail so completely even to see what Christian good is, that is, what charity is, that they entirely suppose that the life of heaven consists solely in truths, which they call the truths of faith, and also that this life can be imparted to anyone at all with whom the assurance of faith exists though not the life of faith.

[8] How blind these people are regarding the life of faith, which is charity, is plainly evident from the consideration that they pay no attention whatever to thousands of things taught by the Lord Himself regarding goodness of life, and that when they read the Word they instantly toss them away behind the back of faith, thereby concealing them from themselves and from others. So it is also that anything which has to do with good, that is, with charity and its works, is banished by them from the teachings of the Church to that lower body of teachings which they call moral theology, and which they regard as natural, not spiritual. But in reality the life of charity remains after death, and faith only in the measure that it accords with that life, that is, thought regarding the truths of faith remains in the measure that there is a will to do good in accordance with them. Those who have faith that arises out of good are able to use any factual knowledge whatever to corroborate things for themselves and thereby make their faith stronger, see 2454, 2568, 2588, 4156, 4293, 4760, 5201, 6047, 8629.

Notas a pie de página:

1. The word for soul also means breath.

  
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Thanks to the Swedenborg Society for the permission to use this translation.