Chapter 15.

Another Confrontation

1. Then came to Jesus the scribes and Pharisees who [were] from Jerusalem, saying,

2. “Why do Thy disciples transgress the tradition of the elders? For they wash not their hands when they eat bread.”

3. But He answering said to them, “Why do you also transgress the commandment of God by your tradition?

4. For God commanded, saying, ‘honor thy father and mother; and he that speaks evil of father or mother, let him die the death.’

5. But you say, ‘whoever shall say to father or mother, [It is] a gift [to the temple], whatever thou mightest have profited by me’;

6. And he in no way honors his father or his mother. And you have made the commandment of God of no effect by your tradition.

7. Hypocrites, well did Isaiah prophesy of you, ‘saying,

8. This people is near to me with their mouth, and honors me with [their] lips, but their heart is far away from me,

9. And in vain do they serve Me, teaching teachings [which are] the precepts of men.’”

10. And calling the crowd, He said unto them, “Hear and understand.

11. Not that which enters into the mouth defiles the man, but that which comes out of the mouth, this defiles the man.”

12. Then His disciples coming said to Him, “Knowest Thou that the Pharisees, hearing the word, were offended?”

13. But He answering said, “Every planting which My heavenly Father has not planted shall be rooted out.

14. Leave them; they are blind guides of the blind; and if the blind guide the blind, both shall fall into a pit.”

15. And Peter answering said to Him, “Explain to us this parable.”

16. And Jesus said, “Are you also yet without understanding?

17. Do you not yet consider, that everything going into the mouth departs into the belly, and is cast out into the latrine?

18. But the things going out from the mouth come forth from the heart, and these defile man;

19. For out of the heart come forth evil reasonings, murders, adulteries, harlotries, thefts, false testimonies, blasphemies.

20. These are the [things] that defile the man; but to eat with unwashed hands defiles not the man.”

The scene now changes dramatically. We move from wonderful demonstrations of faith and miraculous healings among the receptive people of Galilee to confrontation and resistance among the rigid religious leaders of Jerusalem. Unmoved by the marvelous incidents surrounding Jesus’ ministry, the religious leaders can only focus on the most trivial details of tradition: “Why do Your disciples transgress the tradition of the elders?” they ask. “For they do not wash their hands when they eat bread” (15:2).

In the light of Jesus’ many miracles, their question seems to miss the greater point. Did anybody really think about whether hands were washed during the incredible distribution of the bread and fish? The miracle itself was so awe-inspiring that everything else would have been overshadowed — including a trivial detail about whether or not they washed their hands before distributing food. Their question, therefore, seems extraordinarily petty. But it does reveal what is on their minds and in their hearts — destroying Jesus.

While it is relatively easy to criticize the rigidity of the religious leaders, we should keep in mind that we at times act in a similar fashion. How often do we set up petty expectations that keep us irritated and annoyed with others, so much so that we cannot enjoy the wonderful aspects of our relationships? We, too, have our rules about proper and improper behavior, traditions and customs that must be observed — and we sometimes make them more important than the commandments of God.

“Why do Your disciples transgress the tradition of the elders?” say the religious leaders. Instead of answering their question directly, Jesus questions them: “Why do you also transgress the commandment of God because of your tradition? For God commanded, saying, ‘Honor your father and your mother,’ and ‘He who curses father or mother, let him be put to death.’”(15:4).

Jesus wants them to understand that the great commandments of God are of far greater value than the traditions of men. And He wants to expose how they have twisted the commandments to serve their own selfish purposes. For example, keeping the commandment to honor father and mother includes taking care of one’s parents in their old age. The religious leaders had circumvented this commandment by making up their own law: “Whoever says to his father or mother, ‘Whatever profit you might have received from me has been dedicated to the temple,’ is released from honoring his father or mother” (15:5-6). Rather than honoring their parents and caring for them in accordance with divine law, this tradition provided a “religious” loophole for avoiding filial responsibility.

We need to keep in mind that there were no pension policies or retirement plans at that time, but there was a commandment about honoring one’s parents. The only insurance for elderly people who were too old and too feeble to care for themselves was the support of children. This loophole, however, gave people “religious” permission to abandon their parents who would have to fend for themselves.

The scheme worked well, especially because people had been persuaded to believe that they could buy their way into God’s favor by making generous offerings to the religious leaders. The temple, and the support of temple activities — even to the neglect of a suffering humanity — had become the focus and center of their religion. Maintaining the glory of the temple had become an end in itself. In the hands of the corrupt religious leaders, it became the center of a blasphemous religion, worshipping the idols of power, profit, pleasure and prestige rather than worshipping God and serving the neighbor.

Jesus is mindful of their blasphemous behavior, even as He deals with the accusation that His disciples do not wash their hands before eating. Religion had become so external by this time that people believed they could purify themselves from sins by external washings. Clean hands were to them not only a sign of external holiness, but also a proof of cleanliness within. If food were touched with unclean hands, the food was considered to be defiled, and whoever ate of that food would be seen as a despised sinner.

Jesus sees this as hypocrisy parading as piety. And so He says, “Hypocrites! Well did Isaiah prophesy about you, saying: ‘These people draw near to Me with their mouth, and honor Me with their lips, but their heart is far from Me. And in vain they worship Me, teaching as doctrines the commandments of men’” (15:8-9). Then, driving home His point, He adds: “Not what goes into the mouth defiles a person; but what comes out of the mouth, this defiles a person” (15:11).

Peter, who is present at this confrontation, has learned that Jesus’ words always contain a more interior meaning. Therefore, he says, “Explain this parable to us” (15:15). So Jesus says, “Whatever enters the mouth goes into the stomach and is eliminated. But those things which proceed out of the mouth come from the heart, and they defile a man. For out of the heart proceed evil thoughts, murders, adulteries, fornications, thefts, false witness, blasphemies” (15:17-19).

It is noteworthy that Jesus continues to remind the religious leaders of the Ten Commandments. They have already violated the commandment about honoring parents. Jesus now adds murder, adultery (including fornication), thefts, and false witness — the exact order of the second table of the Ten Commandments. To this list he adds “evil thoughts” and “blasphemies.”

Interestingly, blasphemy is the main accusation against Jesus (9:3). But Jesus decides to turn the tables on the religious leaders, accusing them of blasphemy. He also includes “evil thoughts,” knowing that they hate Him, want to publicly discredit Him, and eventually plan to destroy Him. Jesus is speaking about these destructive intentions when He says, “These are the things which defile a man, but to eat with unwashed hands does not defile a man” (15:20).

A practical application

This episode calls us to reflect on the relatively petty things that upset us, the “man-made traditions” that sometimes take precedence over “the commandments of God.”

A Woman of Great Faith

21. And Jesus, going out thence, departed into parts of Tyre and Sidon.

22. And behold, a woman of Canaan coming out of those borders cried out, saying to Him, “Have mercy on me, Lord, Son of David; my daughter is badly demon-possessed.”

23. And He answered her not a word; and His disciples coming to Him, besought Him, saying, “Send her away, for she cries after us.”

24. And He answering said, “I am not sent except to the lost sheep of the house of Israel.”

25. And she, coming, worshiped Him saying, “Lord, help me.”

26. And He answering said, “[It] is not good to take the children’s bread, and to cast [it] to little dogs.”

27. And she said, “Yes, Lord, yet the little dogs eat of the crumbs which fall from the table of their lords.”

28. Then Jesus answering said to her, “O woman, great [is] thy faith; be it unto thee as thou willest.” And her daughter was healed from that [very] hour.

29. And Jesus, passing on thence, came to the Sea of Galilee; and ascending into the mountain, He sat there.

30. And many crowds came to Him, having with themselves the lame, the blind, the mute, the maimed, and many others, and laid them down by the feet of Jesus; and He cured them,

31. So that the crowds marveled, seeing the mute speaking, the maimed whole, the lame walking, and the blind seeing; and they glorified the God of Israel.

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Throughout the gospel narratives, the simple faith of sincere believers is held in stark contrast to the complicated, argumentative, disbelief of the religious leaders. For example, the scene of open confrontation in the previous episode should be contrasted with the simple beauty of the one that preceded it: the healing of multitudes of sick people who merely touched the hem of Jesus’ garment.

These simple believers, who had little theological training but great faith, lived in and around the Sea of Galilee, and were called “Gentiles.” ¹ Originally a “Gentile” was anyone who was not a direct descendant of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. When Jacob’s name was changed to “Israel,” all of his descendants and their various tribes became known as “the children of Israel.” All others were considered non-Israelites. They were therefore “Gentiles,” meaning “not a part of the clan.”

Nevertheless the Israelites often treated the Gentiles well and sometimes even granted them special privileges. But over the course of time, and especially in the time of the New Testament, Gentiles came to be regarded as unclean and contemptible. The religious leaders in Jerusalem hated them and spoke of them as being heathen, as filthy dogs, and as enemies of God’s people. So the term “Gentile,” rather than simply meaning someone who was not a descendant of Israel, came to have a negative and derogatory connotation.

This was largely because the religious leaders in Jerusalem were zealous about protecting their faith and anxious that it not be contaminated by heathen influences. They therefore taught and practiced a rigid, highly prejudiced, exclusive lifestyle. Israelites were to have no association with the Gentiles, lest they be corrupted by them.

This attitude, which was especially strong in and around Jerusalem, extended outward from there. The further away people lived from Jerusalem, the greater the chances were that they would be considered “Gentiles.” For example, although the region of Galilee is geographically in the land of Israel, it was nevertheless regarded as the “land of the Gentiles” because it was seventy miles from Jerusalem.

In addition, many foreigners were attracted to the fertile region in and around Galilee, with its rich soil and abundant opportunities for fishing and farming. With so many foreigners living in Galilee, many of whom knew little or nothing about the God of Israel, the religious leaders in Jerusalem felt justified in referring to the people of Galilee as “Gentiles.”

If the people of Galilee (which was in the land of Israel), were considered Gentiles, much more so were the people from the region of Tyre (110 miles from Jerusalem) and Sidon (130 miles from Jerusalem). These seaside cities, which were situated northwest of Galilee on the Mediterranean Sea, in the land of Phoenicia, were not in the land of Israel. Therefore, it was regarded, most definitely, as the “land of the Gentiles.”

And this is where we find Jesus as He resumes His journey. We read, “And Jesus went out from there and departed to the region of Tyre and Sidon.” While He is there, a woman from that region cries out to Him, saying, “Have mercy on me, O Lord, Son of David. My daughter is severely demon-possessed” (15:22). Jesus does not answer her. And the disciples say, “Send her away, for she cries after us” (15:23).

The disciples are simple men who desire to follow Jesus’ instructions. Jesus has already commanded them not to go into the way of the Gentiles, or to enter the cities of the Samaritans. Instead, He has instructed them to go to “the lost sheep of the house of Israel” (10:5). So it appears that when they tell Jesus to “send her away,” they are only obeying Jesus’ instructions. After all, she is a Gentile woman, not one of the lost sheep of the house of Israel. It appears, at first, that Jesus also intends to comply with His own command. He does not immediately respond to her request. Instead, He replies, “I was not sent except to the lost sheep of the house of Israel” (15:24).

But the Gentile woman will not be put off. Persevering, she says “Lord, help me.” Again, Jesus appears to reject her request, saying, “It is not good to take the children’s bread and throw it to the little dogs” (15:26). As we have seen, the religious leaders taught that non-Israelites were heathen and “dogs.” But the woman is not troubled by this put-down. Instead she replies, “True, Lord, yet even the little dogs eat the crumbs which fall from their master’s table” (15:27). Pleased with her humble, non-defensive response, Jesus says, “O woman, great is your faith. Let it be to you as you desire” (15:28). And so it was done. “Her daughter was healed from that very hour” (15:28).

The Gentile woman, in begging to be fed by the crumbs that fall from the master’s table, shows that she has a truly humble heart. Seeing this, Jesus answers her prayer and heals her daughter. But it must be remembered that all of this takes place before the eyes of the disciples, for whom Jesus is providing an “object lesson” in ministry. Through this living example they are to understand that “the lost sheep of the house of Israel” are all who sincerely hunger for divine love — especially people like this Gentile woman who is so humble and persistent. As Jesus said when He sat on the mountaintop and delivered His first sermon, “Blessed are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness, for they shall be filled” (5:6).

This new approach to ministry will involve the healing of humble, receptive people everywhere, regardless of their religious upbringing or nationality. Whether Jew or Gentile, Roman or Greek, slave or free, these would be “the lost sheep of the house of Israel.” As Jesus has already said, “Whoever does the will of My Father in heaven is My brother and sister and mother” (12:50) The disciples would now go forth to find the lost sheep, from every tribe and every nation, and gather them together in one fold, with One Shepherd. From now on there would be neither Jew nor Gentile, but brothers and sisters in Christ — with one Father in heaven.

Having made His point about this new and broader approach to ministry, Jesus resumes His mighty work of healing among the Gentiles: “And Jesus departed from there and skirted the Sea of Galilee, and went up on the mountain and sat down there. Then great multitudes came to Him, having with them those who were lame, blind, mute, maimed, and many others; and they laid them down at Jesus’ feet, and He healed them” (15:29-30).

Here is a touching picture of the Gentiles coming from far and wide in search of healing. It is a vivid picture of the spiritual hunger for goodness, and the spiritual thirst for truth that is deeply seated in all people, and constitutes our essential humanity. Suffering the hardships of long journeys, climbing the mountain with the lame and the blind, carrying the maimed in their arms, they come to Jesus and lay their loved ones at His feet. This is the journey that each of us must make, supporting one another along the way, as we come before God. It is a simple Gentile faith — a faith that has total belief in God’s healing power. This faith, however simple, is always rewarded. Therefore, we read, “And He healed them” (15:30).

The Gentiles were drawn to Jesus — not because of His religious or ethnic background, but because of His love, wisdom and power to heal all people. In Jesus they could see something that transcended all racial and religious stereotypes, a manifestation of a God who is simply pure love, pure wisdom, and pure power. In Jesus they could see, in some way, God made visible. And so, “the crowds marveled, seeing the dumb speaking, the lame walking, and the blind seeing.” As a result, “They glorified the God of Israel” (15:31).

A Second Feeding of the Multitudes

32. And Jesus, calling for His disciples, said, “I am moved with compassion for the crowd, because they are staying on with Me already three days, and have not anything to eat; and I am not willing to send them away fasting, lest they faint in the way.”

33. And His disciples say to Him, “Whence should we have so many loaves in the wilderness, as to satisfy such a crowd?”

34. And Jesus says to them, “How many loaves have you?” And they say, “Seven, and a few little fish.”

35. And He ordered the crowds to recline on the earth.

36. And taking the seven loaves and the fish, giving thanks, He broke, and gave to His disciples, and the disciples to the crowd.

37. And they did all eat and were satisfied; and they took up the excess of the fragments, seven baskets full.

38. And they that had eaten were four thousand men, besides women and little children.

39. And sending away the crowds, He stepped into the ship, and came into the borders of Magdala.

After spending three days healing the people, Jesus wanted to feed them: “I have compassion on the multitude He said, “because they have now continued with Me three days and have nothing to eat. And I do not want to send them away hungry lest they faint on the way” (15:32).

The disciples, forgetting that Jesus has only recently fed five thousand people with five loaves of bread, reply, “Where could we get enough bread in the wilderness to fill such a great multitude?” Jesus does not rebuke them for their short memory span. Instead He simply asks, “How many loaves do you have?” (15:34). And they answer, “Seven, and a few little fish” (15:34).

In the previous feeding of the multitudes, they had only five loaves, but this time they have seven. The number “seven” brings to mind many things associated with holiness in the Word: The seventh day is a day of rest, holy to the Lord (Exodus 31:15); there are seven branches on the lampstand in the tabernacle (Exodus 25:37); seven priests with seven trumpets marched around Jericho for seven days — and on the seventh day they marched around the city seven times (Joshua 6:13); Solomon’s temple was built in seven years (1 Kings 6:38); Naaman was to wash himself in the Jordan seven times (2 Kings 5:10); David said that he would praise the Lord seven times a day (Psalm 119:164); the light of the sun shall be sevenfold as the light of seven days (Isaiah 30:26); and we are to forgive our brother seventy times seven (Matthew 18:22). ²

So, the number “seven” in scripture is associated with that which is holy. Certainly, the disciples are developing an increasing sense of Jesus’ holiness, and a developing awareness of the divinity that is within Him. This is suggested here by the fact that they now have “seven loaves,” rather than five — representing a holy state of love. They also have only “a few fish,” representing their limited understanding of what is happening, but also their growing humility. Their training is coming along perfectly.

Once again the disciples are given the privilege of dispensing the bread and fish among the multitude, and once again Jesus begins with a blessing: “And He took the seven loaves and the fish and gave thanks and broke them and gave them to the disciples; and the disciples gave to the multitude” (15:36). When the feeding is complete, the number “seven” recurs: “So they all ate and were filled, and they took up seven large baskets full of the fragments that were left” (15:37). ³

The sacred number “seven” speaks louder than any explanation. It suggests a time of great holiness — solemn, serene, beautiful, and pure. We have come a long way from the beginning of this chapter when the religious leaders were accusing Jesus for permitting His disciples to eat with unwashed hands — overlooking the fact that He had just turned five loaves of bread into enough to feed five thousand people!

Once again we are on the mountain with Jesus, the disciples, and the admiring multitudes, witnessing another miraculous feeding. This time four thousand are fed from seven loaves. There is a sense of sublime holiness as we witness God’s overflowing love and infinite compassion. The message is clear: even though we may receive all the love we desire, there will always be plenty left over — “seven large baskets full.”

At the time of the first feeding of the multitudes the Greek word used for “basket” was κοφίνους (kophinous), meaning, “a small basket.” But this time the Greek word used for “basket” is σπυρίδας (spyridas), meaning, “a large basket.” Baskets are made to receive what is put into them. Similarly, the human mind is designed to receive what flows in from the Lord. The implication is that there is now, in the overflowing of the seven large baskets, an even greater reception and overflow of the Lord’s love and wisdom. ⁴

फुटनोट:

600. And he set his right foot upon the sea, and the left upon the earth, signifies the sense of the letter, which is natural, in which are all things of heaven and the church. This is evident from the signification of "feet," as being in reference to the angel, by whom is meant the Lord in relation to the Word, the Divine truth in ultimates, or the Word in the natural sense, which is the sense of the letter (See above 65, 69). "Feet" in a general sense signify natural things, because man from the head to the soles of the feet corresponds to heaven, which in its whole complex represents one man, the head corresponding to the inmost or third heaven, the angels of which are celestial, the breast down to the loins corresponding to the middle or second heaven, the angels of which are called spiritual, and the feet corresponding to the ultimate or first heaven, the angels of which are celestial-natural and spiritual-natural; and the soles of the feet corresponding to the world, in which everything is natural. This makes clear why the "feet" signify natural things (See more on this correspondence in the work on Heaven and Hell 59-86, and 87-102).

[2] From this it is now evident why "the feet of the angel," who here represented the Lord as to the Word, signify the natural sense of the Word, which is the sense of its letter. The above is evident also from the signification of "the right foot upon the sea and the left upon the earth," as being all things of heaven and the church; for the "right" ¹ signifies all things of good which is the source of truth, and the "left" all things of truth from good; and "the sea and the earth" signify all things of heaven and the church exterior and interior, the "sea" exterior things, and the "earth" interior things. And as all things of heaven and the church have relation to good and truth, also to things exterior and things interior, therefore these words signify in general all things of heaven and the church. The angel was seen to stand "upon the sea and upon the earth," because there is a similar appearance of things in the spiritual world as in the natural world; that is, in the spiritual world as in the natural world there are seas and lands, seas round about and lands between them (See above, n. 275, 342, 538). This shows why "sea and earth" signify all things of heaven and also of the church.

[3] As "right and left" are mentioned in many passages in the Word, and in some places "right" alone, or "left" alone, I will explain in a few words what is signified by each of them, and by the two together. This can be known from the quarters in the spiritual world, where the south is to the right, and the north to the left, and the east in front, and the west behind. An angel perpetually faces the Lord as a sun, therefore before him is the Lord as the east, and behind him the Lord as the west, and at his right hand is the south, and at his left hand the north. It is from this way of facing that the "right" signifies truth in light, and the "left" truth in shade; or what is the same, that the "right" signifies spiritual good which is truth in light, and the "left" signifies spiritual truth which is truth in shade; so, too, the "right" signifies good which is a source of truth, and the "left" truth from good. Such is the signification of all the right and left parts of the body, and also of the head; as the right and left eye, the right and left hand, the right and left foot, and so on, the proper signification of each member or part being preserved. From these few statements it can be known what "right" and "left" signify, in general and in particular, in the Word of both the New and the Old Testaments, as in the following passages.

[4] In Matthew:

When thou doest alms, let not thy left hand know what the right hand doeth, that thine alms may be in secret (Matthew 6:3, 4).

This signifies that good is to be done from good and for the sake of good, and not on account of self and the world for the sake of appearance; "alms" mean every good work; and "let not the left hand know what the right hand doeth" signifies that good must be done from good itself, and not without good, since that would not be good. The "right hand" signifies good which is a source of truth, and the "left hand" truth from good, as has been said above; these act as one in those who are in the good of love and charity, but not as one in those who have regard to self and the world in the goods they do; therefore the "left hand" means here to know and to act without good. "That thine alms may be in secret" signifies that it may not be for the sake of appearance.

[5] In the same:

And the King shall set the sheep on His right hand, but the goats on the left; and He shall say unto them on His right hand, Come, ye blessed of My Father, possess as inheritance the kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the world. And He shall say unto them on the left hand, Depart from Me, ye cursed, into the eternal fire, prepared for the devil and his angels (Matthew 25:33, 34, 41).

He who does not know what is signified in the proper sense by "sheep" and what by "goats," might suppose that "sheep" mean all who are good, and "goats" all who are evil; but in the proper sense "sheep" mean those who are in the good of charity towards the neighbor, and thence in faith, and "goats" mean those who are in faith separated from charity; thus all upon whom the judgment in the last time of the church will come; for all who were in the good of love to the Lord, and thence in the good of charity and faith, had been taken up into heaven before the Last Judgment; while all who were in no good of charity, and in no faith therefrom, consequently all who were inwardly and at the same time outwardly evil, had been cast down into hell before the Last Judgment; but those who were inwardly good and not equally so outwardly, also those who were inwardly evil but outwardly in good, were all left until the Last Judgment, when those who were inwardly good were taken up into heaven, and those who were inwardly evil were cast into hell (respecting this see what has been said from things seen and heard, in the little work on The Last Judgment). From this it can be seen that "goats" mean those who have been in faith separated from charity; as for instance:

The he-goat in Daniel (Daniel 8:5-25), and in Ezekiel (Ezekiel 34:17).

This makes evident that the "right hand," where the "sheep" are, means the good of charity and of faith therefrom, and the "left hand," where the "goats" are, means faith separated from charity. It was said to the sheep that they should "possess as inheritance the kingdom prepared for them from the foundation of the world," because in the heavens at the right is the south, where all those are who are in truths from good; for in the southern part the Divine proceeding itself is such as is meant by "the kingdom prepared from the foundation of the world." So, too, they are called "the blessed of My Father," the "Father" meaning the Divine good, from which are all things of heaven. But respecting the "goats," that are on the left hand, it is not said "prepared from the foundation of the world," but "the eternal fire, prepared for the devil and his angels," because the evil prepare their hell for themselves. They are called "cursed" because by the "cursed" in the Word are meant all who turn themselves away from the Lord, for such reject the charity and faith of the church. What the "eternal fire" signifies may be seen in the work on Heaven and Hell 566-575.

[6] The "two robbers who were crucified one of them on the right hand and the other on the left hand of the Lord" (Matthew 27:38; Mark 15:27; Luke 23:39-43), have a similar signification as the "sheep" and the "goats;" therefore to the one who acknowledged the Lord it was said that he should be with Him in paradise.

[7] In John:

Jesus said to the disciples who were fishing, Cast the net on the right side of the boat, then ye shall find. They cast, therefore, and they were no longer able to draw it for the multitude of fishes (John 21:6).

Since "fishing" signifies in the Word the instruction and conversion of men who are in external or natural good, in which good were most of the Gentiles at that time, "fish" signifying the things of the natural man, and "boat" doctrine from the Word; therefore "the right side of the boat" signifies the good of life. This makes clear the signification of what the Lord said, "Cast the net on the right side of the boat," namely, that they should teach the good of life. That they would thus convert the Gentiles to the church is signified by their finding in such abundance that "they were not able to draw the net for the multitude of fishes." Anyone can see that the Lord would not have commanded them "to cast the net on the right side of the ship" unless the "right side" had been significative.

[8] In Matthew:

If thy right eye hath caused thee to stumble, pluck it out and cast it from thee. And if thy right hand hath caused thee to stumble, cut it off and cast it from thee (Matthew 5:29, 30).

That by the "right eye" and the "right hand" the Lord did not mean the right eye and the right hand, anyone can see from its being said that the eye "must be plucked out" and the hand "must be cut off" if they cause to stumble; but as the "eye" signifies in the spiritual sense everything belonging to the understanding and to thought therefrom, and the "right hand" everything belonging to the will and to affection therefrom, it is evident that "if the right eye hath caused thee to stumble it must be plucked out" signifies that if one thinks evil the evil must be rejected from the thought; also "if the right hand hath caused thee to stumble it must be cut off" signifies that if evil is willed the evil of the will must be cast out. For the eye itself cannot cause to stumble, nor can the right hand, but the thought of the understanding and the affection of the will, to which they correspond, can. It is said the "right eye" and the "right hand," and not the left eye and the left hand, because the "right" signifies good, and in the contrary sense evil, while the "left" hand signifies truth, and in the contrary sense falsity, and all cause of stumbling comes from evil, not from falsity, unless the falsity is the falsity of evil. That these things are said of the internal man, whose part it is to think and to will, and not of the external, whose part it is to see and to act, is evident also from the words that immediately precede respecting the "woman of another," that merely looking upon her from lust is committing adultery.

[9] In the Gospels:

The mother of the sons of Zebedee asked Jesus that one of her sons should sit on the right hand and the other on the left in His kingdom. Jesus said, Ye know not what ye ask; to sit on My right hand and on My left hand is not Mine to give except to those to whom it is given by the Father (Matthew 20:20-23; Mark 10:35-40).

"The mother of the sons of Zebedee," James and John, asked this, because by "mother" the church is meant; by "James" charity, and by "John" the good of charity in act; these two, or those who are in them, are at the right hand and the left of the Lord in heaven; to the right there is the south, and to the left is the north, and in the south are those who are in the light of truth from clear good, and in the north are those who are in the light of truth from obscure good. The Divine itself proceeding from the Lord as a sun produces such a Divine sphere in those quarters; for this reason none can possibly dwell there except those who are in those truths from good; this is the signification of "to sit on the right hand and on the left hand of the Lord is for those only to whom it has been given, or for whom it has been prepared by the Father;" "the Father" meaning the Divine good of the Divine love, from which is heaven and everything of heaven; so these words of the Lord mean that to sit on His right hand and on His left in the heavens is given by the Lord to those for whom it has been prepared from the foundation of the world to have an inheritance allotted to them in the south and in the north.

[10] That the "right hand" means the south in the heavens is clearly evident in David:

The heavens are Thine, and the earth is Thine; the world and the fullness thereof, Thou hast founded them; the north and the right hand Thou hast created (Psalms 89:11, 12).

"Heaven and earth" means the higher and lower heavens, likewise the internal and external church; the "world and the fullness thereof" means the heavens and the church in general as to good and truth; the "world" heaven and the church as to good, and the "fullness thereof" heaven and the church as to truth; and as these principles, or those who are in them, are in the north and in the south, and the south is at the Lord's right hand, it is said "the north and the right hand;" and as Divine truth united to Divine good in those quarters is such from the foundation of the world, as has been said above, it is said, "Thou hast founded" and "Thou hast created."

[11] In Isaiah:

The Lord hath given you the bread of distress and the waters of oppression; but thine instructors shall not be made to fly away anymore, and thine eyes shall look again to thine instructors; and thine ears shall hear the word saying, This is the way, walk ye in it, when ye shall go to the right and when ye shall go to the left (Isaiah 30:20, 21).

This treats of those who are in temptations, and who, by means of temptations and after temptations, accept and receive instruction in the truths of doctrine; temptations themselves are signified by "the bread of distress and the waters of oppression," "bread of distress" signifying temptations in respect to the good of love, and "waters of oppression" temptations in respect to the truths of faith; for temptations are of two kinds, namely, in respect to the good which is of love, and in respect to the truth which is of faith; "bread" signifying the good of love, and "waters" the truths of faith, and "distress" and "oppression" states of temptation. Instruction in the truths of doctrine is signified by "thine eyes shall look again to thine instructors," "eyes" signifying the understanding and faith, and "instructors" doctrine. The good of life according to the truths of doctrine is signified by "thine ears shall hear the word," "ears" signifying obedience, and because obedience is of the life, so "to hear the word" signifies a life according to the truths of doctrine. Instruction and obedience are further described by "saying, This is the way, walk ye in it, when ye shall go to the right hand and when ye shall go to the left;" "way" signifies truth leading, truth leading to the south in heaven is meant by "going to the right," and truth leading to the north there by "going to the left."

[12] In the same:

Enlarge the place of thy tent, and let them stretch forth the curtains of thy habitations; hinder not; make long thy cords, and make firm thy stakes; for on the right hand and on the left thou shalt break forth; and thy seed shall inherit the nations, and make the desolate cities to be inhabited (Isaiah 54:2, 3).

This treats of the establishment of the church among the Gentiles; and "Enlarge the place of thy tent" signifies the increase of the church in respect to the worship from good; "to stretch forth the curtains of the habitations" signifies the increase of the church in respect to the truths of doctrine; "to make long the cords" signifies the extension of these truths; "to make firm the stakes" signifies confirmation from the Word; "to break forth on the right hand and on the left" signifies enlargement in respect to the good of charity and the truth of faith; "on the right" meaning in respect to the good of charity, and "on the left" in respect to the truth of faith from that good; "the seed which shall inherit the nations" signifies truth through which are goods; "seed" meaning truth, and "nations" goods; "the desolate cities which the nations shall make to be inhabited," signify the truths from goods of life; "the desolate cities" meaning the truths of doctrine where there were no truths before; "nations" meaning the goods of life from which are truths, and "to inhabit" meaning to live.

[13] In the same:

In the wrath of Jehovah of Hosts the land has been obscured, and the people have become as the fuel of the fire; they shall not spare a man his brother; and if he shall cut down ² on the right hand he shall still be hungry, and if he shall eat on the left hand they shall not be satisfied; they shall eat every man the flesh of his own arm (Isaiah 9:19-21).

This describes the extinction of good by falsity, and of truth by evil; the extinction of all good and truth, however it is sought for, is signified by "if he shall cut down on the right hand he shall still be hungry, and if he shall eat on the left hand they shall not be satisfied;" "the right hand" meaning good from which is truth; "the left hand" truth from good; "to cut down and to eat of these" means to search for; "to be hungry and not to be satisfied" means not to be found, or if found, still not received. (The rest may be seen explained above, n. 386.)

[14] In Ezekiel:

This was the likeness of the faces of the cherubim, the four had the face of a man and the face of a lion on the right side, and the face of an ox on the left side; the four also had the face of an eagle (Ezekiel 1:10).

What is signified by the "cherubim" and by their "faces" which were like the faces of a man, of a lion, of an ox, and of an eagle, may be seen above (n. 277-281). The faces of the man and of the lion were seen "on the right side" because "man" signifies Divine truth in light and intelligence, and a "lion" Divine truth in power therefrom, such as it is in heaven in the south; and the face of the ox was seen "on the left side," to signify the good of truth in obscurity, for an "ox" signifies the good of the natural man, which is in obscurity in those who in heaven dwell to the north.

[15] In Zechariah:

In that day will I make the leaders of Judah like a furnace of fire among wood, and like a torch of fire in a sheaf, that they may devour all the peoples round about, on the right hand and on the left, that Jerusalem may yet dwell in her own place in Jerusalem (Zechariah 12:6).

This treats of the establishment of a celestial church, or of a church that will be in the good of love to the Lord; that church is meant by "the house of Judah." Her "leaders" mean the goods with the truths of that church; the dispersion of evils and falsities by these is signified by "they shall be made like a furnace of fire among wood, and like a torch of fire in a sheaf," and by "they shall devour all the peoples round about, on the right hand and on the left;" the evils that will be dispersed by that church are signified by "like a furnace among the wood, and like a torch in a sheaf;" and the falsities that will also be dispersed are signified by "all the peoples round about, whom they shall devour or consume;" that this church will be safe from the infestation of evils and falsities, and will live in the good of life according to the truths of doctrine, is signified by "Jerusalem shall yet dwell in her own place in Jerusalem;" "to be dwelt in" is predicated of the good of life, and "Jerusalem" signifies the church in respect to the truths of doctrine.

[16] In Ezekiel:

I will set the point of the sword against all their gates, it is made into lightning, it is sharpened for slaughter. Gather thee together, turn to the right, set thyself in array, turn to the left, whithersoever thy faces are set (Ezekiel 21:15, 16).

This describes the destruction of truth by direful falsities; "a sword" signifies such falsities destroying truth, and the direfulness and enormity of that falsity is described by "a sword made into lightning, and sharpened for slaughter;" that those who are in such falsity have nothing of good or truth, with however much zeal they may search for it, is signified by "Gather thee together, turn to the right, set thyself in array, turn to the left, whithersoever thy faces are set."

[17] In Zechariah:

Woe to the shepherd of naught forsaking the flock! A sword is upon his arm, and upon the eye of his right side; his arm in withering shall wither, and the eye of his right side in growing dim shall grow dim (Zechariah 11:17).

"A shepherd of naught forsaking the flock" means those who do not teach truth and by it lead to the good of life, and who do not care whether it is truth or falsity that they teach; "a sword upon his arm" signifies falsity destroying every good of the will, and "a sword upon the eye of his right side" signifies falsity destroying every truth of the understanding; that they will be deprived of all good and truth is signified by "his arm in withering shall wither, and the eye of his right side in growing dim shall grow dim." (This may be seen further explained, n. 131, 152.)

[18] As the right region of the body and the members of the right region signify good through which is truth, so when Aaron and his sons were consecrated to the priesthood it was commanded:

That the blood of the ram should be taken and should be put upon the tip of their right ear, upon the thumb of their right hand, and upon the great toe of their right foot (Exodus 29:20).

This was commanded because "blood" signified Divine truth, by means of which is the good of love, for this good was represented by "Aaron," and truth by his "sons;" and because all consecration for representing the Divine good of love is effected by Divine truth, "blood was put upon the tip of the right ear, upon the thumb of the right hand, and upon the great toe of the right foot." The "tip of the right ear" signifies obedience from perception; the "thumb of the right hand" signifies good in the will; and the "great toe of the right foot" signifies good in act.

[19] Because a "leper" signifies good consumed by falsities, the way in which such an evil is to be cured by Divine means is described by the process of the cleansing of the leper, understood in the spiritual sense, from which I will cite only this:

That the priest should take of the blood of the guilt-offering and should put it upon the tip of the right ear of him that is to be cleansed, and upon the thumb of his right hand, and upon the great toe of his right foot; and the priest should take oil from the log and pour it upon the palm of his left hand; and the priest should dip his left ³ finger in the oil that is in his left palm, and should sprinkle of the oil with his finger seven times before Jehovah (Leviticus 14:14-17, 24-28).

Here "the tip of the right ear," "the thumb of the right hand," and "the great toe of the right foot," have a similar signification as above; so has the "blood," namely, Divine truth, for this is what purifies man from the falsities that have consumed the goods in him; and when he is purified from these, good can be produced by means of truths, and the man be thus healed of leprosy. From all this it can be seen that "the right and the left" signify the good from which is truth and the truth that is from good (as has been said above). For what other purpose would the blood have been put upon the right part of those members, and the oil be taken from the left palm, and sprinkled with the left finger?

[20] Likewise:

The prophet Ezekiel was commanded to lie upon his left side, and to have laid upon him the iniquities of the house of Israel (Ezekiel 4:4).

For a "prophet" signifies one who teaches, and in an abstract sense the doctrine of the church; the "left side" signifies the doctrine of truth from good, and it is through truths from good that man is purified from his iniquities.

[21] Solomon set the lavers:

Five beside the shoulder of the house on the right, and five beside the shoulder of the house on its left; but he set the brazen sea by the right shoulder of the house eastward from the region of the south (1 Kings 7:39);

for the reason that the "house or temple" represented heaven and the church; the "lavers" the purifications from falsities and evils, and thus the preparations for entering into heaven and the church; "the right shoulder of the house" signified the south in the heavens, where Divine truth is in its light, and "the left shoulder" signified the north, where Divine truth is in its shade. Thus these "ten lavers" signified all things of purification and all who are purified, and "the five on one shoulder and the five on the other" signified those, or that kind of men, with whom Divine truth is in the light and with whom it is in the shade; "ten" signifying all things and all persons, and "five" one part or one kind. The brazen sea represented general purifying. This was placed by "the right shoulder of the house eastward from the region of the south," because purifying Divine truth proceeds from the Lord's Divine love; for the east is where the Lord appears as a sun; Divine truth, which is the light of heaven from that sun, in the south is in its clearness and sunshine; this is why the general purificator was placed "eastward from the region of the south." These arcana of the Word cannot be known in the world until the quarters in heaven are understood, which differ from the quarters in the world. (Respecting the Quarters in Heaven, see what has been said, from things seen and heard, in the work on Heaven and Hell 141-153.)

[22] Since everyone in the spiritual world enters and walks in ways that lead to those who are in a like ruling love, and everyone is free to go any way he wishes, thus into and by any way that his love leads him, and these ways to the right or to the left tend to one love or another, thus to the love that has become ingrafted, so "right and left" signifies pleasantly, freely, and of choice. Thus in the book of Genesis:

Abraham said to Lot, Separate thyself; if to the left I will go to the right, if to the right I will go to the left (Genesis 13:9).

And Abraham's servant said to Laban when he asked for Rebecca as a wife for Isaac:

Tell me, that I may look to the right or the left (Genesis 24:49).

Not to recede or to turn to the right hand or to the left, signifies also to go in no other way than that in which the Lord Himself leads, and in which the good and truth of heaven and the church lead, thus not to go astray, as:

That they should not turn aside from the word of the priest, the Levite, and of the judge, nor from the precepts in the Word, to the right hand or to the left (Deuteronomy 17:11, 20; 28:14; Joshua 1:7; 2 Samuel 14:19).

And that the sons of Israel should not turn aside to the right hand or to the left, but should go by the king's highway when they passed through the land of Edom (Numbers 20:17).

And when they passed through the land of King Sihon (Deuteronomy 2:27).

Moreover, "the right hand" signifies full power, and in relation to the Lord, Divine omnipotence (as may be seen above, n. 298.

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