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John 21:15-25 : Feed my lambs, Feed my sheep

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15 So when they had dined, Jesus saith to Simon Peter, Simon, son of Jonas, lovest thou me more than these? He saith unto him, Yea, Lord; thou knowest that I love thee. He saith unto him, Feed my lambs.

16 He saith to him again the second time, Simon, son of Jonas, lovest thou me? He saith unto him, Yea, Lord; thou knowest that I love thee. He saith unto him, Feed my sheep.

17 He saith unto him the third time, Simon, son of Jonas, lovest thou me? Peter was grieved because he said unto him the third time, Lovest thou me? And he said unto him, Lord, thou knowest all things; thou knowest that I love thee. Jesus saith unto him, Feed my sheep.

18 Verily, verily, I say unto thee, When thou wast young, thou girdedst thyself, and walkedst whither thou wouldest: but when thou shalt be old, thou shalt stretch forth thy hands, and another shall gird thee, and carry thee whither thou wouldest not.

19 This spake he, signifying by what death he should glorify God. And when he had spoken this, he saith unto him, Follow me.

20 Then Peter, turning about, seeth the disciple whom Jesus loved following; which also leaned on his breast at supper, and said, Lord, which is he that betrayeth thee?

21 Peter seeing him saith to Jesus, Lord, and what shall this man do?

22 Jesus saith unto him, If I will that he tarry till I come, what is that to thee? follow thou me.

23 Then went this saying abroad among the brethren, that that disciple should not die: yet Jesus said not unto him, He shall not die; but, If I will that he tarry till I come, what is that to thee?

24 This is the disciple which testifieth of these things, and wrote these things: and we know that his testimony is true.

25 And there are also many other things which Jesus did, the which, if they should be written every one, I suppose that even the world itself could not contain the books that should be written. Amen.

Comentario

 

Una conversación después del desayuno

Por Joe David (Traducido por computadora al Español)

This inscription is on a stone at the church hall in South Ronaldsey, in the Orkneys, northeast of Scotland.

(Un comentario sobre Juan 21:15-25)

En la primera parte de este capítulo, siete discípulos del Señor habían vuelto a casa, a Galilea. Habían ido a pescar, habían visto a Jesús en la orilla, habían seguido sus instrucciones de pescar a la derecha de la barca, habían arrastrado a la orilla una red cargada con 153 peces y... al comenzar la segunda mitad del capítulo, acaban de terminar de romper el ayuno con Él. Ahora están descansando.

Jesús le dice a Pedro: "¿Me amas?" y Pedro, quizá un poco asustado por la pregunta, pensando que la respuesta es obvia, responde "sí", y Jesús le responde: "Apacienta mis corderos". Dos veces más se repite esta secuencia, pero con algunos cambios. Luego, después de esta inusual conversación, el Señor les cuenta a todos una pequeña parábola sobre ser joven y más tarde ser viejo. Entonces el Señor le dice a Pedro que le siga, y éste, aparentemente celoso, le pregunta qué debe hacer Juan. El Señor reprende suavemente los celos de Pedro diciendo: "Si éste se queda hasta que yo venga, ¿qué os importa?", pero luego le dice a Juan que también le siga.

Finalmente, el evangelio de Juan, y de hecho la colección de los cuatro evangelios, se cierra con una explicación de Juan de que él es el escritor de este evangelio.

Veamos ahora con más detalle la conversación, la parábola y el brote de celos.

Sólo dos de los siete discípulos, Pedro y Juan, son mencionados en esta parte del relato. Pedro representa la fe, o la verdad, pero la verdad sobre las cosas espirituales que realmente creemos que vienen de Dios. Juan representa el bien, o el amor al prójimo. El primero reside en la parte del entendimiento de la mente y el segundo en la parte de la voluntad de la mente.

Al decirle a Pedro que apaciente a sus ovejas, el Señor está diciendo que seguirle significa predicar las verdades que todos los discípulos conocen ahora sobre el Señor, su venida y sobre cómo debe llevarse una vida, para ser un seguidor del Señor en una nueva iglesia. En la conversación el Señor es directo e incisivo. "Simón, hijo de Jonás, ¿me quieres más que éstos?" Creo que a Pedro le está preguntando si ama al Señor, a Jesús, más que a sus compañeros galileos, aunque es ambiguo, podría significar "¿me amas más que estos otros seis?". Cuando Pedro responde la primera vez dice "Señor tú sabes que te amo".

Con esta primera de las tres preguntas de sondeo, el Señor responde "Apacienta mis corderos", mientras que después la respuesta es "Apacienta mis ovejas". Tanto las ovejas como los corderos representan a las personas que aman hacer el bien, pero mientras las ovejas significan los que aman hacer el bien por el prójimo, los corderos significan los que hacen el bien por el Señor. El primero es el bien espiritual, y el segundo es más elevado, y se llama bien celestial. Pero las personas que desean hacer el bien al principio no saben lo que es bueno; necesitan aprenderlo de la Palabra y ser enseñados. Por eso se le dice a Pedro que "los alimente", es decir, que la verdad debe indicar cómo se debe hacer el bien. Para hacer cosas buenas, es necesario que la voluntad quiera y el entendimiento sepa cómo hacerlo. Para que una vida cristiana tenga éxito, o a mayor escala, una iglesia cristiana, "Pedro" y "Juan" deben trabajar en armonía.

Luego viene la parábola. "Cuando eras joven te preparabas y hacías lo que querías por tu cuenta. Pero cuando te haces viejo, tienes que pedir ayuda y otro te llevará donde no quieres ir".

Esto no parece encajar aquí, pero por supuesto que sí, y de dos maneras. La primera forma se da en el texto bíblico; se trata de la muerte del Señor, que todas las profecías lo llevaban a su crucifixión, como se menciona. La segunda forma es una lección para todos nosotros. Cuando somos jóvenes, confiados y fuertes, sentimos que podemos hacer lo que queremos y no necesitamos ninguna ayuda. Las tentaciones de hacer el mal las podemos afrontar nosotros mismos. Pero cuando nos hacemos más sabios nos damos cuenta de que toda nuestra fuerza viene del Señor, y si seguimos dependiendo sólo de nosotros mismos, las tentaciones de los infiernos serán demasiado fuertes y nos llevarán a hacer lo que los infiernos quieren para nosotros, no lo que nosotros queremos. Debemos aprender desde el principio a seguir al Señor y a depender de Él. Esto lo dice al final de la parábola, donde parece no encajar hasta que entendemos la parábola. "Y habiendo dicho esto, les dijo (a ellos): seguidme". Eso es lo que tenemos que hacer también nosotros.

Pedro está contento de hacer esta predicación de la verdad y tal vez siente que ha sido señalado, pero también se da cuenta de que Juan también ama al Señor y es amado a su vez. Por eso pregunta: "¿Y qué debe hacer este hombre?". Parece que aún no existe la armonía necesaria, y que Pedro está celoso del vínculo, y probablemente espera que le aseguren que es el número uno... pero eso no sucede. A Pedro se le dice simplemente que no importa; tiene que hacer el trabajo que se le ha encomendado.

Me recuerda la historia de Jacob y Esaú, en Génesis 25, donde Esaú es el primogénito y heredará la primogenitura y la bendición de Isaac, como le corresponde. Jacob, mediante un ardid ideado por su madre, engaña a Isaac y le roba lo que es de Esaú. Luego huye a Padan-Aram y se queda allí con su tío y se enriquece. Sólo en su viaje de regreso, cuando lucha con el ángel y se le cambia el nombre a Israel, se encuentra de nuevo con Esaú. El cambio de nombre significa que ahora que Jacob es rico con la verdad de la Palabra, ahora con el encuentro amistoso con Esaú, también rico, que los dos gemelos pueden en parábola, fundirse en un solo personaje, llamado Israel, que significa la unión del bien y la verdad en la mente.

Esaú significa algo parecido a Juan, ambos representan la bondad o la verdadera caridad. Jacob significa algo similar a Pedro, ambos representan la verdad aprendida de la Palabra. Cualquier enemistad aparente entre ellos en cuanto a cuál es más importante puede hacer que ambos sean inútiles, y en una persona que se está volviendo angélica (como todos deberían aspirar), no hay enemistad. La verdad permite el bien, y el bien inspira la verdad para conseguir algo. Aunque podemos pensar y hablar de ellos por separado, están (perfectamente en el Señor y menos en los ángeles) unidos en una unidad para ser vistos como casados. El matrimonio del bien divino y la verdad divina del Señor es el origen de toda la creación. Sí, toda la creación.

Este matrimonio entre el bien y la verdad, y la necesidad de que ambos funcionen en nuestras vidas, en equilibrio y armonía, es un concepto neocristiano fundamental.

En los Evangelios, hay una historia más que tiene lugar después de ésta. En ella, el resto de los discípulos se unen a los siete mencionados aquí para escuchar las últimas órdenes del Señor.

De obras de Swedenborg

 

Arcana Coelestia #3994

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3994. 'And every black one among the lambs' means a proprium of innocence, which belongs to the good meant by 'Laban'. This is clear from the meaning of 'black' as the proprium, dealt with immediately above in 3993, and from the meaning of 'a lamb' as innocence, dealt with below. With regard to a proprium of innocence meant by 'black one among the lambs' the position is that, to be good, all good must contain innocence. Charity devoid of innocence is not charity, and still less can love to the Lord exist without it. Innocence is therefore an absolutely essential element of love and charity, and consequently of good. A proprium of innocence consists in knowing, acknowledging, and believing, not with the lips but with the heart, that nothing but evil originates in oneself, and everything good in the Lord, and therefore that such a proprium is altogether black, that is to say, both the will side of the proprium, which is evil, and the understanding side, which is falsity. When a person confesses and believes that in his heart, the Lord flows in with good and truth and instills a heavenly proprium into him which is bright and shining. Nobody can possibly be truly humble unless that acknowledgement and belief are present in his heart; and when they are present he is self-effacing, indeed self-loathing, and so is not preoccupied with himself, in which case he is in a fit state to receive the Lord's Divine. These are the circumstances in which the Lord flows in with good into a humble and contrite heart.

[2] Such is the proprium of innocence meant here by 'the black one among the lambs' which Jacob chose for himself, whereas 'the white one among the iambs' means the merit that is placed in good deeds - 'white' meaning merit, as stated above in 3993. Jacob did not choose this because it goes against innocence. Indeed anyone who places merit in good deeds acknowledges and believes that all good originates in himself, for he regards himself, not the Lord, in the good deeds he does and as a consequence seeks reward on the basis of that merit. For the same reason he also despises others in comparison with himself, indeed he even condemns them, and therefore to the same extent departs from heavenly order, that is, from good and truth. From all this it may be seen that charity towards the neighbour and love to the Lord are by no means able to exist unless they have innocence within them, and consequently that no one can enter heaven unless he possesses some degree of innocence, according to the Lord's words,

Truly I say to you, Whoever has not received the kingdom of God like a young child will not enter into it. Mark 10:15; Luke 18:17.

Here and elsewhere in the Word 'a young child' means innocence - see what has been stated already on these matters in the following paragraphs,

Early childhood is not innocence, but innocence resides in wisdom, 2305, 3494.

The nature of the innocence of early childhood, and the nature of the innocence of wisdom, 2306, 3183; also the nature of the proprium when, with innocence and charity, the Lord gives it life, 154.

Innocence causes good to be good, 2526, 2780.

[3] The fact that innocence is meant by 'lambs' may be seen from many places in the Word, of which let the following be quoted to confirm the point,

The wolf will dwell with the lamb, and the leopard will lie down with the kid, and the calf and the young lion and the ox together; and a little child will lead them. Isaiah 11:6.

This refers to the Lord's kingdom and to the state of peace and of innocence there. 'The wolf' stands for those who are opposed to innocence, 'the lamb' for those in whom innocence is present. A similar example occurs elsewhere in the same prophet,

The wolf and the lamb will feed together, and the lion will eat straw like the ox; and for the serpent, dust will be his bread. They will not hurt and will not destroy on all My holy mountain. Isaiah 65:25.

As above, 'the wolf' stands for those who are opposed to innocence, and 'the lamb' for those in whom innocence is present. Because 'the wolf' and 'the lamb' are opposites, the Lord also said to the seventy whom He sent out, in Luke,

Behold, I send you out as lambs in the midst of wolves. Luke 10:3.

In Moses,

He causes him to suck honey out of the crag, and oil out of the stony rock - butter from the cattle, and milk from the flock, with the fat of lambs and rams, the breed 1 of Bashan. Deuteronomy 32:13-14.

This refers in the internal sense to the celestial qualities of the Ancient Church. 'The fat of lambs' stands for the charity that goes with innocence.

[4] In the original language various nouns exist for lambs, and each is used to mean a different degree of innocence, for as has been stated, all good, if it is to be good, must have innocence within it. And so also must truth. Here in Genesis 30:32 the word used for lambs is also used for sheep, as in Leviticus 1:10; 3:7; 5:6; 17:3; 22:19; Numbers 18:17; and by that word is meant the innocence belonging to faith grounded in charity. Different words are used elsewhere, as in Isaiah,

Send the lamb of the ruler of the land from the rock towards the wilderness, to the mountain of the daughter of Zion. Isaiah 16:1.

A different word again is used in the same prophet,

The Lord Jehovih is coming with strength, and His arm will exercise dominion for Him. He will pasture His flock like a shepherd, He will gather the lambs into His arm, He will carry them in His bosom, and will lead those that give suck. Isaiah 40:9-11.

'Gathering the lambs into the arm and carrying in the bosom' stands for people who are governed by charity that has innocence within it.

[5] In John,

When He appeared [to the disciples] Jesus said to Peter, Simon, son of Jonah, do you love Me more than these? He said to Him, Yes, Lord; You know that I love You. He said to him, Feed My lambs. He said to him again, Simon, son of Jonah, do you love Me? He said to Him, Yes, Lord, You know that I love You. He said to him, Feed My sheep. John 21:15-16.

Here as elsewhere 'Peter' means faith - see the Prefaces to Chapters 18 and 22, and 3750. And since faith is not faith if it does not arise out of charity towards the neighbour, and so out of love to the Lord, neither are charity and love charity and love if they do not arise out of innocence. This is why the Lord first asks whether he loves Him, that is, whether love is present within faith, and after that says, 'Feed My lambs', that is, feed those who are innocent. Then after putting the same question again, He says, 'Feed My sheep', that is, feed those who have charity.

[6] Because the Lord is the Innocence itself which exists in His kingdom, for He is the source of all innocence, the Lord is therefore called the Lamb, as in John,

The next day John Baptist saw Jesus coming towards him, and said, Behold, the Lamb of God who bears away the sin of the world. John 1:29, 36.

And in Revelation,

They will fight with the Lamb, but the Lamb will overcome them, for He is Lord of lords, and King of kings, and those with Him have been called and chosen. Revelation 17:14.

There are other places in Revelation besides this - 5:6; 6:1, 16; 7:9, 14, 17; 12:11; 13:8; 14:1, 4; 19:7, 9; 21:22-23, 27; 22:1, 3. It is well known that in the highest sense the paschal lamb means the Lord - for the Passover meant the Lord's glorification, that is, His enduing the Human with the Divine - and in the representative sense means the regeneration of man. Indeed the paschal lamb means that which is the essential feature of regeneration, namely innocence; for nobody can be regenerated except by means of charity that has innocence within it.

[7] Because innocence is the first essential in the Lord's kingdom and is the celestial itself there, and because sacrifices and burnt offerings used to represent the spiritual and celestial things of the Lord's kingdom, the essential itself of the Lord's kingdom, which is innocence, was therefore represented by 'lambs'. This was why the continual or daily burnt offering was made from lambs, the first in the morning and the second 'between the evenings', Exodus 29:37-39; Numbers 28:3-4; and a double offering on the sabbath, Numbers 28:9-10; and many more lambs still at the appointed festivals, Leviticus 23:12; Numbers 28:11, 14, 19, 27; 28:1-end. After the days of her cleansing had been completed a woman who had given birth was required to offer a lamb as a burnt offering, also a young pigeon or else a turtledove, Leviticus 12:6. This was required in order that the sign of the fruit of conjugial love - a love which is innocence itself, see 2736 - might be represented, and because innocence is meant by 'babes'.

Notas a pie de página:

1. literally, sons

  
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Thanks to the Swedenborg Society for the permission to use this translation.