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Josué 24

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1 Depois Josué reuniu todas as tribos de Israel em Siquém, e chamou os anciãos de Israel, os seus cabeças, os seus juízes e os seus oficiais; e eles se apresentaram diante de Deus.

2 Disse então Josué a todo o povo: Assim diz o Senhor Deus de Israel: Além do Rio habitaram antigamente vossos pais, Tera, pai de Abraão e de Naor; e serviram a outros deuses.

3 Eu, porém, tomei a vosso pai Abraão dalém do Rio, e o conduzi por toda a terra de Canaã; também multipliquei a sua descendência, e dei-lhe Isaque.

4 A Isaque; dei Jacó e Esaú; a Esaú dei em possessão o monte Seir; mas Jacó e seus filhos desceram para o Egito.

5 Então enviei Moisés e Arão, e feri o Egito com aquilo que fiz no meio dele; e depois vos tirei de lá.

6 Depois que tirei a vossos pais do Egito viestes ao mar; e os egípcios perseguiram a vossos pais, com carros e com cavaleiros, até o mar Vermelho.

7 Quando clamaram ao Senhor, ele pôs uma escuridão entre vós e os egípcios, e trouxe o mar sobre eles e os cobriu; e os vossos olhos viram o que eu fiz no Egito. Depois habitastes no deserto muitos dias.

8 Então eu vos trouxe à terra dos amorreus, que habitavam além do Jordão, os quais pelejaram contra vós; porém os entreguei na vossa mão, e possuístes a sua terra; assim os destruí de diante de vós.

9 Levantou-se também Balaque, filho de Zipor, rei dos moabitas, e pelejou contra Israel; e mandou chamar a Balaão, filho de Beor, para que vos amaldiçoasse;

10 porém eu não quis ouvir a Balaão; pelo que ele vos abençoou; e eu vos livrei da sua mao.

11 E quando vós, passando o Jordão, viestes a Jericó, pelejaram contra vós os homens de Jericó, e os amorreus, os perizeus, os cananeus, os heteus, os girgaseus, os heveus e os jebuseus; porém os entreguei na vossa mao.

12 Pois enviei vespões adiante de vós, que os expulsaram de diante de vós, como aos dois reis dos amorreus, não com a vossa espada, nem com o vosso arco.

13 E eu vos dei uma terra em que não trabalhastes, e cidades que não edificastes, e habitais nelas; e comeis de vinhas e de olivais que não plantastes.

14 Agora, pois, temei ao Senhor, e servi-o com sinceridade e com verdade; deitai fora os deuses a que serviram vossos pais dalém do Rio, e no Egito, e servi ao Senhor.

15 Mas, se vos parece mal o servirdes ao Senhor, escolhei hoje a quem haveis de servir; se aos deuses a quem serviram vossos pais, que estavam além do Rio, ou aos deuses dos amorreus, em cuja terra habitais. Porém eu e a minha casa serviremos ao Senhor.

16 Então respondeu o povo, e disse: Longe esteja de nós o abandonarmos ao Senhor para servirmos a outros deuses:

17 porque o Senhor é o nosso Deus; ele é quem nos fez subir, a nós e a nossos pais, da terra do Egito, da casa da servidão, e quem fez estes grandes sinais aos nossos olhos, e nos preservou por todo o caminho em que andamos, e entre todos os povos pelo meio dos quais passamos.

18 E o Senhor expulsou de diante de nós a todos esses povos, mesmo os amorreus, que moravam na terra. Nós também serviremos ao Senhor, porquanto ele é nosso Deus.

19 Então Josué disse ao povo: Não podereis servir ao Senhor, porque é Deus santo, é Deus zeloso, que não perdoará a vossa transgressão nem os vossos pecados.

20 Se abandonardes ao Senhor e servirdes a deuses estranhos, então ele se tornará, e vos fará o mal, e vos consumirá, depois de vos ter feito o bem.

21 Disse então o povo a Josué: Não! antes serviremos ao Senhor.

22 Josué, pois, disse ao povo: Sois testemunhas contra vós mesmos e que escolhestes ao Senhor para o servir. Responderam eles: Somos testemunhas.

23 Agora, pois, - disse Josué - deitai fora os deuses estranhos que há no meio de vós, e inclinai o vosso coração ao Senhor Deus de Israel.

24 Disse o povo a Josué: Serviremos ao Senhor nosso Deus, e obedeceremos à sua voz.

25 Assim fez Josué naquele dia um pacto com o povo, e lhe deu leis e ordenanças em Siquem.

26 E Josué escreveu estas palavras no livro da lei de Deus; e, tomando uma grande pedra, a pôs ali debaixo do carvalho que estava junto ao santuário do Senhor,

27 e disse a todo o povo: Eis que esta pedra será por testemunho contra nós, pois ela ouviu todas as palavras que o Senhor nos falou; pelo que será por testemunho contra vós, para que não negueis o vosso Deus.

28 Então Josué despediu o povo, cada um para a sua herança.

29 Depois destas coisas Josué, filho de Num, servo do Senhor, morreu, tendo cento e dez anos de idade;

30 e o sepultaram no território da sua herança, em Timnate-Sera, que está na região montanhosa de Efraim, para o norte do monte Gaás.

31 Serviu, pois, Israel ao Senhor todos os dias de Josué, e todos os dias dos anciãos que sobreviveram a Josué e que sabiam toda a obra que o Senhor tinha feito a favor de Israel.

32 Os ossos de José, que os filhos de Israel trouxeram do Egito, foram enterrados em Siquém, naquela parte do campo que Jacó comprara aos filhos de Hamor, pai de Siquém, por cem peças de prata, e que se tornara herança dos filhos de José.

33 Morreu também Eleazar, filho de Arão, e o sepultaram no outeiro de Finéias, seu filho, que lhe fora dado na região montanhosa de Efraim.

   

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Exploring the Meaning of Joshua 24

Napsal(a) New Christian Bible Study Staff, Julian Duckworth

Joshua 24: The covenant at Shechem and the death of Joshua.

In the beginning of this final chapter, Joshua recounts God’s work for Israel in great detail, spanning the time before Abraham through Isaac and Jacob, the Israelites’ time as slaves in Egypt, and the exodus through the wilderness for many years, culminating with crossing the Jordan and taking Jericho.

Joshua then told the people of Israel that they were to choose whom they would serve: the gods of their fathers, or the Lord God of Israel. The people strongly affirmed that they would follow the Lord and be faithful to Him. They repeated this several times. Then Joshua told them that they were witnesses of their choice, and he renewed the covenant with them there, at Shechem. To mark the covenant, Joshua took a large stone and set it up as a witness to remind the Israelites of what they had sworn that day.

And after all of this, Joshua died, and was buried within his inheritance at Timnath Serah. Israel served the Lord all the days of Joshua, and continued to serve the Lord for some time after. And also Eleazar, the chief priest of Israel, died.

The bones of Joseph, which had been carried by Israel since they left slavery in Egypt, were then given their final resting place at Shechem in a plot of land originally bought by the family of Joseph.

The spiritual meaning of this chapter is all about commitment and devotion in our relationship with the Lord. Joshua’s review of events at the beginning is a reminder that the Lord leads us through life, with all its trials and blessings (see Swedenborg’s work, Heaven and Hell 18). In the work of regeneration, a high state of peace and of the Lord’s presence in us is followed by a state where we are in temptation and under attack from hell. In contrast, a state of temptation in which we stand firm and depend on the Lord leads to a state of trust, confidence, and the return of the Lord’s peace (see Swedenborg’s work, Arcana Caelestia 933[2]).

Our spiritual life involves many repeated choices. This is why it is significant that the Israelites repeated their promise to serve the Lord so many times. We may feel that our decision to follow the Lord is a final one, but the reality is that we uphold (or refute) this decision in our actions each and every day. We will need to choose time and time again, even though we believe we would always choose the Lord (see Swedenborg’s work, Divine Providence 321[5]).

A covenant is a formal agreement. Biblical covenants are between people and the Lord. The Lord will always honor his part in the covenant, and we are to ensure that we will honor our part. Spiritually, the covenant is about the empowerment in declaring our commitment to the Lord. ‘This I will do.’ There is no longer any uncertainty or vagueness about our commitment to God. It has been sealed (Arcana Caelestia 1038).

The fact that Joshua commemorates the covenant with a stone also has important spiritual significance for us. A stone represents the strength and durability of truth when it becomes a permanent factor in our life. Committing to follow the Lord’s truths gives us a sturdy foundation in life.

When a story in the Bible mentions death, it always reflects the changing of some state in us. When Joshua and Eleazar the priest die, it is like moving on from a state which has served us well into a new and different state. In our regeneration, the Lord wants us to keep exploring new thoughts and decisions, so that we are always progressing and never complacent (Arcana Caelestia 1382).

The mention of Joseph’s bones at the very end of the chapter is also very significant. These bones of Joseph stand for the continuity of the Lord’s truth, wisdom and providence with us and for us. They also stand for the preservation of all that happens in a person’s life. All of these events make us the people we are, and will always keep shaping our spirit (Arcana Caelestia 6592).

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Arcana Coelestia # 1038

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1038. That 'this is the sign of the covenant' means a token of the Lord's presence in charity is clear from the meaning of 'a covenant' and of 'the sign of a covenant'. That the covenant means the Lord's presence in charity has been shown already at Chapter 6:18, and above at verse 9 of the present chapter; and that a covenant is the Lord's presence in love and charity is clear from the very nature of a covenant. The purpose of any covenant is conjunction, that is to say, its purpose is that people may live together in friendship or in love. This also is why marriage is called a covenant. The Lord's conjunction with man does not exist except in love and charity, for the Lord is love itself and mercy. He wills to save everyone and by His mighty power to draw them towards heaven, that is, towards Himself. From this anyone may know and conclude that it is impossible for anybody to be joined to the Lord except by means of that which He Himself is, that is, except by acting like Him, or becoming one with Him - that is to say, by loving the Lord in return, and loving the neighbour as oneself. In this way alone is conjunction brought about; this constitutes the very essence of a covenant. When conjunction results from this, it quite plainly follows that the Lord is present. The Lord is indeed present with each individual, but that presence is closer or more remote, all depending on how near the person is to love or distant from it.

[2] Since 'the covenant' is the conjunction of the Lord with man by means of love, or what amounts to the same, the Lord's presence with man in love and charity, the covenant itself is called in the Word 'a covenant of peace', for 'peace' means the Lord's kingdom, and the Lord's kingdom consists in mutual love, in which alone peace resides, as is said in Isaiah,

The mountains will depart and the hills be removed, but My mercy will not depart from you, and the covenant of My peace will not be removed, said Jehovah, the One who takes pity on you. Isaiah 54:10.

Here mercy, which is an attribute of love, is called 'a covenant of peace'.

In Ezekiel,

I will raise up over them one shepherd, and He will pasture them - My servant David. He will pasture them and He will be a shepherd to them. And I will make with them a covenant of peace. Ezekiel 34:23, 25.

Here 'David' is plainly used to mean the Lord, and His presence with a regenerate person is described by the words 'He will pasture them'.

[3] In the same prophet,

My servant David will be king over them, and they will all have one shepherd. And I will make with them a covenant of peace; it will be an eternal covenant with them. And I will bless 1 them and cause them to multiply, and I will set My sanctuary in their midst for evermore. And I will be their God and they will be My people. Ezekiel 37:14, 16-17.

Here similarly the Lord is meant by David. Love is meant by the 'sanctuary in their midst', the Lord's presence and conjunction in love by the promise that 'He will be their God, and they will be His people', which is called 'a covenant of peace' and 'an eternal covenant'.

In Malachi,

You will know that I have sent this command to you, that it may be My covenant with Levi, said Jehovah Zebaoth. My covenant was with him, [a covenant] of life 2 and peace, and I have given them to him in fear, and he will fear Me. Malachi 2:4-5.

In the highest sense 'Levi' means the Lord, and from this the person who has love and charity; and this being so 'a covenant of life' and peace with Levi' means in love and charity.

[4] In Moses, in reference to Phinehas,

Behold, I am giving to him My covenant of peace, and it will be to him and his seed after him a covenant of eternal priesthood. Numbers 25:12-13.

Here 'Phinehas' is not used to mean Phinehas but the priesthood which he represented and which means love and what belongs to love, as does the entire priesthood of that Church. Everyone knows that the priesthood did not remain with Phinehas for ever.

In the same author,

Jehovah your God is God Himself, a faithful God who keeps a covenant and mercy with those who love Him, and who keep His commandments, to the thousandth generation. Deuteronomy 7:9, 12.

Here the Lord's presence with man in love is clearly meant by 'the covenant', for it is said to be 'with those who love Him and keep His commandments'.

[5] Because the covenant is the conjunction of the Lord with man by means of love, it follows that it is also achieved by means of all the things allied to love, which are the truths of faith and are called commandments. For all the commandments, indeed the Law and the Prophets, are based on that single law that men ought to love the Lord above all things and the neighbour as themselves. This is clear from the Lord's words in Matthew 22:35-40; Mark 12:28-34. This is also why the tablets on which the Ten Commandments were written are called 'the tablets of the covenant'. Since a covenant or conjunction is achieved by means of the laws or commandments of love it was also achieved by means of the social laws introduced by the Lord into the Jewish Church, which are called 'testimonies', as well as by the religious observances commanded by the Lord, which are called 'statutes'. All of these are called [laws] of the covenant because they have regard to love and charity.

As is said of King Josiah,

The king stood upon the pillar, and made a covenant before Jehovah, to walk after Jehovah, and to keep His commandments, and His testimonies, and His statutes, with all his heart, and all his soul, to establish the words of the covenant. 2 Kings 23:3.

[6] From these references it is now clear what a covenant is, and that the covenant is internal, for the conjunction of the Lord with man is achieved by means of internal things, and never by means of external things separated from internal. External things are merely images and representatives of those that are internal, as the action of a person is an image representative of his thought and will, and as a charitable act is an image representative of charity present within, in intention and mind. Thus all the religious observances of the Jewish Church were images representative of the Lord, and so of love and charity, and of all things deriving from these. It is by means of the internal things of a person therefore that the covenant or conjunction is achieved. External things are no more than signs of the covenant, which also is what they are called. That internal things are the means by which the covenant or conjunction is achieved is quite clear, as in Jeremiah,

Behold, the days are coming, says Jehovah, when I will make with the house of Israel and with the house of Judah a new covenant, not like the covenant which I made with their fathers, for they rendered My covenant invalid. But this is the covenant which I will make with the house of Israel after those days: I will put My law in the midst of them and will write it on their hearts. Jeremiah 31:31-33.

This refers to a new Church. It is plainly stated that the covenant itself is achieved by means of internal things, and indeed within conscience on which the Law is written, the whole of which Law, as stated, is that of love.

[7] That external things do not constitute the covenant unless internal things are joined to them and so through that union act as one and the same cause, but are merely 'signs of the covenant' by means of which, as by representative images, the Lord might be called to mind, is clear from the fact that the sabbath and circumcision are called 'signs' of the covenant. That the sabbath is so called is clear in Moses,

The children of Israel shall keep the sabbath, observing the sabbath throughout their generations, an eternal covenant. Between Me and the children of Israel this is a sign eternally. Exodus 31:16-17.

And that circumcision is called 'a sign of the covenant' is clear in the same author,

This is My covenant which you shall keep between Me and you and your seed after you. Every male among you is to be circumcised. And you shall circumcise the flesh of your foreskin, and it will be a sign of the covenant between Me and you. Genesis 17:10-11.

For the same reason also blood is called 'the blood of the covenant', Exodus 24:7-8.

[8] The chief reason why external religious ceremonies were called signs of the covenant was so that from them people might call interior things to mind, that is, the things meant by them. All the religious observances of the Jewish Church were nothing else. For this reason they were also called signs that would serve to remind the people of interior things - for example, the practice of binding the chief commandment on the hand and of wearing frontlets, as stated in Moses,

You shall love Jehovah your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your strength. And you shall bind these words as a sign upon your hand, and they shall be as frontlets between your eyes. Deuteronomy 6:5, 8; 11:13, 18.

Because it means power 'the hand' here means the will, for power is an attribute of the will; while 'frontlets between the eyes' means the understanding. Thus 'a sign' means calling to mind the chief commandment, or epitome of the Law, that it may be constantly in the will and constantly in the thought, that is, that the Lord and love may be present within the whole will and the whole thought. Such is the presence of the Lord and from Him of mutual love existing with angels. That constant presence and the nature of it will in the Lord's Divine mercy be discussed later on. And in like manner here the statement, 'This is the sign of the covenant which I give between Me and you; I have given My bow in the cloud, and it will be for a sign of the covenant', means no other sign than a token of the Lord's presence in charity, and so man's remembrance of Him. But in what way the bow in the cloud provides that token and so remembrance will in the Lord's Divine mercy be discussed later on.

Poznámky pod čarou:

1. literally, give

2. literally, of lives

  
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Thanks to the Swedenborg Society for the permission to use this translation.