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Εξοδος πλήθους 21

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1 Αυται δε ειναι αι κρισεις, τας οποιας θελεις εκθεσει εμπροσθεν αυτων.

2 Εαν αγορασης δουλον Εβραιον, εξ ετη θελει δουλευσει· εν δε τω εβδομω θελει εξελθει ελευθερος, δωρεαν.

3 Εαν εισηλθε μονος, μονος θελει εξελθει· εαν ειχε γυναικα, τοτε η γυνη αυτου θελει εξελθει μετ' αυτου.

4 Εαν ο κυριος αυτου εδωκεν εις αυτον γυναικα, και εγεννησεν εις αυτον υιους η θυγατερας, η γυνη και τα τεκνα αυτης θελουσιν εισθαι του κυριου αυτης, αυτος δε θελει εξελθει μονος.

5 Αλλ' εαν ο δουλος ειπη φανερα, Αγαπω τον κυριον μου, την γυναικα μου και τα τεκνα μου, δεν θελω εξελθει ελευθερος·

6 τοτε ο κυριος αυτου θελει φερει αυτον προς τους κριτας· και θελει φερει αυτον εις την θυραν η εις τον παραστατην της θυρας, και ο κυριος αυτου θελει τρυπησει το ωτιον αυτου με τρυπητηριον· και θελει δουλευει αυτον διαπαντος.

7 Και εαν τις πωληση την θυγατερα αυτου δια δουλην, δεν θελει εξελθει καθως εξερχονται οι δουλοι.

8 Εαν δεν αρεση εις τον κυριον αυτης, οστις ηρραβωνισθη αυτην εις εαυτον, τοτε θελει απολυτρωσει αυτην· εις ξενον εθνος δεν θελει εχει εξουσιαν να πωληση αυτην, επειδη εφερθη προς αυτην απιστως.

9 Αν ομως ηρραβωνισεν αυτην με τον υιον αυτου, θελει καμει προς αυτην κατα το δικαιωμα των θυγατερων.

10 Εαν λαβη εις εαυτον αλλην, δεν θελει στερησει την τροφην αυτης, τα ενδυματα αυτης, και το προς αυτην χρεος του γαμου.

11 Εαν ομως δεν καμνη εις αυτην τα τρια ταυτα, τοτε θελει εξελθει δωρεαν ανευ αργυριου.

12 Οστις παταξη ανθρωπον, και αποθανη, θελει εξαπαντος θανατωθη·

13 εαν ομως δεν παρεμονευσεν, αλλ' ο Θεος παρεδωκεν αυτον εις την χειρα αυτου, τοτε εγω θελω σοι διορισει τοπον, οπου θελει καταφυγει·

14 εαν δε τις εγερθη κατα του πλησιον αυτου δια να δολοφονηση αυτον, απο του θυσιαστηριου μου θελεις αποσπασει αυτον δια να θανατωθη.

15 Και οστις παταξη τον πατερα αυτου η την μητερα αυτου, θελει εξαπαντος θανατωθη.

16 Και οστις κλεψη ανθρωπον και πωληση αυτον, η εαν ευρεθη εις τας χειρας αυτου, θελει εξαπαντος θανατωθη.

17 Και οστις κακολογη τον πατερα αυτου η την μητερα αυτου, θελει εξαπαντος θανατωθη.

18 Και εαν ανθρωποι λογομαχωσι μετ' αλληλων και ο εις παταξη τον αλλον με λιθον η με γρονθον, και δεν αποθανη αλλα γεινη κλινηρης,

19 εαν σηκωθη και περιπατηση εξω με την βακτηριαν αυτου, τοτε θελει εισθαι ελευθερος ο παταξας· μονον θελει αποζημιωσει αυτον δια την αργιαν αυτου και θελει επιμεληθη την τελειαν θεραπειαν αυτου.

20 Και εαν τις παταξη τον δουλον αυτου η την δουλην αυτου με ραβδον, και αποθανη υπο τας χειρας αυτου, θελει εξαπαντος τιμωρηθη.

21 Αν ομως ζηση μιαν ημεραν η δυο, δεν θελει τιμωρηθη· διοτι ειναι αργυριον αυτου.

22 Εαν μαχωνται ανδρες και παταξωσι γυναικα εγκυον και εξελθη το παιδιον αυτης, δεν συμβη ομως συμφορα· θελει εξαπαντος καμει αποζημιωσιν ο παταξας, οποιαν ο ανηρ της γυναικος επιβαλη εις αυτον· και θελει πληρωσει κατα την αποφασιν των κριτων.

23 Αν ομως συμβη συμφορα, τοτε θελεις δωσει ζωην αντι ζωης,

24 οφθαλμον αντι οφθαλμου, οδοντα αντι οδοντος, χειρα αντι χειρος, ποδα αντι ποδος,

25 καυσιμον αντι καυσιματος, πληγην αντι πληγης, κτυπημα αντι κτυπηματος.

26 Εαν τις παταξη τον οφθαλμον του δουλου αυτου η τον οφθαλμον της δουλης αυτου και τυφλωση αυτον, θελει αφησει αυτον ελευθερον εξ αιτιας του οφθαλμου αυτου.

27 Και εαν εκβαλη τον οδοντα του δουλον αυτου η τον οδοντα της δουλης αυτου, θελει αφησει αυτον ελευθερον εξ αιτιας του οδοντος αυτου.

28 Εαν βους κερατιση ανδρα η γυναικα, και αποθανη, τοτε ο βους θελει λιθοβοληθη με λιθους και δεν θελει τρωγεσθαι το κρεας αυτου· ο κυριος δε του βοος θελει εισθαι αθωος.

29 Εαν ομως ο βους ητο κερατιστης απο προτερον, και εγεινε διαμαρτυρια εις τον κυριον αυτου και δεν εφυλαξεν αυτον, εαν θανατωση ανδρα η γυναικα, ο βους θελει λιθοβοληθη και ακομη ο κυριος αυτου θελει θανατωθη.

30 Εαν επιβληθη εις αυτον τιμη εξαγορασεως, θελει δωσει δια την εξαγορασιν της ζωης αυτου οσα ηθελον επιβληθη εις αυτον.

31 Ειτε υιον κερατιση, ειτε θυγατερα κερατιση, κατα την κρισιν ταυτην θελει γεινει εις αυτον.

32 Εαν ο βους κερατιση δουλον η δουλην, θελει δωσει εις τον κυριον αυτων τριακοντα σικλους αργυριου· ο δε βους θελει λιθοβοληθη.

33 Και εαν τις ανοιξη λακκον η εαν τις σκαψη λακκον και δεν σκεπαση αυτον, και πεση εις αυτον βους η ονος,

34 ο κυριος του λακκου θελει καμει αποζημιωσιν, αργυριον θελει αποδωσει εις τον κυριον αυτων· το δε θανατωθεν θελει εισθαι αυτου.

35 Και εαν ο βους τινος κερατιση τον βουν του πλησιον αυτου και θανατωθη, τοτε θελουσι πωλησει τον ζωντα βουν, και θελουσι μοιρασθη το αργυριον αυτου και τον θανατωθεντα ομοιως θελουσι μοιρασθη.

36 Εαν ομως ηναι γνωστον οτι ο βους ητο κερατιστης απο προτερον, και ο κυριος αυτου δεν εφυλαξεν αυτον, θελει εξαπαντος πληρωσει βουν αντι βοος· ο δε θανατωθεις θελει εισθαι αυτου.

   

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Arcana Coelestia # 7456

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7456. 'Will they not stone us?' means that they would thereby demolish the truths of faith that related to worship. This is clear from the meaning of 'stoning' as demolishing and wiping out falsities, but in the contrary sense, when done by the evil, as demolishing and wiping out the truths of faith. If the vile, foul, and hellish things referred to above in 7454 were to enter in among people whose worship is holy its holiness would be destroyed. The reason for this is that when a person's worship is holy he is withheld from such things, and people who are governed by good in faith and life are raised above the level of the senses on which such things reside. But when such objects do enter in the foul things present on the sensory level are stirred up - that is, the things which a person is withheld from when his worship is holy, as has been stated, and which people governed by good are raised above - and the holiness of the worship is destroyed. Experience too demonstrates this plainly, for if, when a person offers worship to God, some foul object appears and is not removed, worship ceases and is destroyed. This is what is meant when it is said that if those steeped in falsities arising from evils were nearby they would demolish the truths of faith that relate to worship.

[2] As for the meaning of 'stoning', it should be recognized that the Jews and Israelites, among whom a representative of the Church had been established, had two kinds of capital punishment, one being stoning, the other hanging on wood. Stoning was used if anyone sought to destroy the truths relating to worship which were commanded, while hanging was used if anyone sought to destroy goodness of life. The reason why those who sought to destroy truths relating to worship were stoned was that a stone was a sign of truth and in the contrary sense of falsity, 643, 1298, 3720, 6426. And the reason why those who sought to destroy goodness of life were hanged on wood was that wood was a sign of good and in the contrary sense of the evil belonging to evil desires, 643, 2784, 2812, 3720.

[3] The fact that punishment by stoning would be used if anyone should destroy truths relating to worship is evident from the following places: In Ezekiel,

Finally they will cause an assembly to come up upon you, and they will stone you with stones and cut you up with their swords. Ezekiel 16:40.

This refers to the perverse Jerusalem and the destruction of the truth of faith by means of falsities. This is why it says that 'they will stone with stones' and also 'cut up with swords', for 'a sword' means truth engaged in conflict with falsity and destroying it, and in the contrary sense falsity engaged in conflict with truth and destroying it, 2799, 4499, 6353, 7102.

[4] A similar statement occurs elsewhere in the same prophet,

Cause an assembly to come up against them, in order that the assembly may stone them with stones and tear them apart with their swords. Ezekiel 23:46-47.

This refers to Jerusalem and Samaria, by which the Church is meant. Jerusalem means the celestial-spiritual Church, Samaria the spiritual Church, and this chapter describes how forms of the good and truth of faith were destroyed in them.

[5] In Moses,

If an ox strikes a man or woman with its horn so that the person dies, the ox shall surely be stoned. Exodus 21:28.

'Striking a man or woman with the horn' means falsity engaged in conflict with truth and goodness and destroying them. For 'the horn' is falsity engaged in conflict, and also the power of falsity, 2832, while 'man and woman' in the Word means truth and goodness; and this makes plain what the internal sense of that command is and why it was that the ox had to be stoned.

[6] In the same author,

Anyone blaspheming the name of Jehovah shall surely be killed; all the congregation shall certainly stone him. Leviticus 24:16.

'Blaspheming the name of Jehovah' means using malevolent falsities to do violence to truths and forms of good that relate to worship. 'The name of Jehovah' means everything in one embrace that is used to worship Jehovah, see 2724, 3006, thus every aspect of faith and charity, 6674. This also explains why the Israelite woman s son who blasphemed the name of Jehovah was led outside the camp and stoned, Leviticus 24:11, 14, 23. Furthermore it had been commanded that those who served other gods should be stoned, Deuteronomy 17:3, 5, and also those who enticed anyone to serve other gods, Deuteronomy 13:6-10. 'Serving other gods' means profane worship by means of which true worship is destroyed.

[7] If no evidence of virginity were found with a young woman when she married she was to be stoned because she had played the fool in Israel by committing whoredom in her father's house, Deuteronomy 22:20-21. The reason for this was that 'whoredom' meant the falsification of truth, thus the destruction of it, 2466, 4865. If a man lay in the city with a young woman, a virgin, who was betrothed to a man, both were to be stoned, Deuteronomy 22:23-24, and for the same reason, namely whoredom; for spiritual whoredom is the falsification of truth. In Luke 20:5-6, [one reads about the chief priests, scribes, and elders] coming to the conclusion among themselves that if they said John's baptism was from heaven [the Lord] would say, 'Why did you not believe him?' But if they said 'From men', all the people would stone them. Here also 'stoning' is spoken of because of opposition to the truth.

The reason why the Jews sought to stone Jesus because He said, Before Abraham was, I am, John 8:58-59, was that that nation believed this to be false. In a similar way they sought to stone Jesus because He said He and His Father were one, John 10:30-33; for they thought, as these verses also state, that this was blasphemy.

From all this one may now see what stoning was and why it was commanded, and also that punishment by stoning, administered since ancient times as its use in Egypt proves, was derived from the representatives of the Ancient Church.

  
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Thanks to the Swedenborg Society for the permission to use this translation.