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Exode 32

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1 Mais le peuple voyant que Moïse tardait tant à descendre de la montagne, s'assembla vers Aaron, et ils lui dirent : lève-toi, fais-nous des dieux qui marchent devant nous, car quant à ce Moïse, cet homme qui nous a fait monter du pays d'Egypte, nous ne savons ce qui lui est arrivé.

2 Et Aaron leur répondit : mettez en pièces les bagues d'or qui sont aux oreilles de vos femmes, de vos fils, et de vos filles, et apportez-les-moi.

3 Et incontinent tout le peuple mit en pièces les bagues d'or, qui étaient à leurs oreilles, et ils les apportèrent à Aaron,

4 Qui les ayant reçues de leurs mains, forma l'or avec un burin, et il en fit un Veau de fonte. Et ils dirent : ce sont ici tes dieux, ô Israël, qui t'ont fait monter du pays d'Egypte.

5 Ce qu'Aaron ayant vu, il bâtit un autel devant le Veau; et cria, en disant : demain il y aura une fête solennelle à l'Eternel.

6 Ainsi ils se levèrent le lendemain dès le matin, et ils offrirent des holocaustes, et présentèrent des sacrifices de prospérité; et le peuple s'assit pour manger et pour boire, puis ils se levèrent pour jouer.

7 Alors l'Eternel dit à Moïse : va, descends; car ton peuple que tu as fait monter du pays d'Egypte, s'est corrompu.

8 Ils se sont bien-tôt détournés de la voie que je leur avais commandée, ils se sont fait un Veau de fonte, et se sont prosternés devant lui, et lui ont sacrifié, et ont dit : Ce sont ici tes dieux, ô Israël, qui t'ont fait monter du pays d'Egypte.

9 L'Eternel dit encore à Moïse : j'ai regardé ce peuple, et voici, c'est un peuple de col roide.

10 Or maintenant laisse-moi, et ma colère s'embrasera contr’eux, et je les consumerai; mais je te ferai devenir une grande nation.

11 Alors Moïse supplia l'Eternel son Dieu, et dit : ô Eternel, pourquoi ta colère s'embraserait-elle contre ton peuple, que tu as retiré du pays d'Egypte par une grande puissance, et par main forte?

12 Pourquoi diraient les Egyptiens : il les a retirés dans de mauvaises vues pour les tuer sur les montagnes, et pour les consumer de dessus la terre? Reviens de l'ardeur de ta colère, et te repens de ce mal [que tu veux faire] à ton peuple.

13 Souviens-toi d'Abraham, d'Isaac et d'Israël tes serviteurs, auxquels tu as juré par toi-même, en leur disant : je multiplierai votre postérité comme les étoiles des cieux, et je donnerai à votre postérité tout ce pays, dont j'ai parlé, et ils l'hériteront à jamais

14 Et l'Eternel se repentit du mal qu'il avait dit qu'il ferait à son peuple.

15 Alors Moïse regarda, et descendit de la montagne, ayant en sa main les deux Tables du Témoignage, [et] les Tables [étaient] écrites de leurs deux côtés, écrites deçà et delà.

16 Et les Tables étaient l'ouvrage de Dieu, et l'écriture était de l'écriture de Dieu, gravée sur les Tables

17 Et Josué, entendant la voix du peuple qui faisait un grand bruit, dit à Moïse : il y a un bruit de bataille au camp.

18 Et [Moïse] lui répondit : [ce n'est] pas une voix ni un cri de gens qui soient les plus forts, ni une voix ni un cri de gens qui soient les plus faibles; [mais] j'entends une voix de gens qui chantent.

19 Et il arriva que lors que [Moïse] fut approché du camp, il vit le Veau et les danses; et la colère de Moïse s'embrasa, et il jeta de ses mains les Tables, et les rompit au pied de la montagne.

20 Il prit ensuite le Veau qu'ils avaient fait, et le brûla au feu, et le moulut jusqu’à ce qu'il fût en poudre; puis il répandit cette poudre dans de l'eau, et il en fit boire aux enfants d'Israël.

21 Et Moïse dit à Aaron : que t'a fait ce peuple, que tu aies fait venir sur lui un si grand péché?

22 Et Aaron lui répondit : que la colère de mon Seigneur ne s'embrase point, tu sais que ce peuple est porté au mal.

23 Or ils m'ont dit : fais-nous des dieux qui marchent devant nous, car quant à ce Moïse, cet homme qui nous a fait monter du pays d'Egypte, nous ne savons ce qui lui est arrivé.

24 Alors je leur ai dit : que celui qui a de l'or, le mette en pièces; et ils me l'ont donné; et je l'ai jeté au feu, et ce Veau en est sorti.

25 Or Moïse vit que le peuple était dénué, car Aaron l'avait dénué pour être en opprobre parmi leurs ennemis.

26 Et Moïse se tenant à la porte du camp, dit : qui est pour l'Eternel; qu'il vienne vers moi? Et tous les enfants de Lévi s'assemblèrent vers lui.

27 Et il leur dit : ainsi a dit l'Eternel, le Dieu d'Israël : que chacun mette son épée à son côté, passez et repassez de porte en porte par le camp, et que chacun de vous tue son frère, son ami, et son voisin.

28 Et les enfants de Lévi firent selon la parole de Moïse; et en ce jour-là il tomba du peuple environ trois mille hommes.

29 Car Moïse avait dit : consacrez aujourd'hui vos mains à l'Eternel, chacun même contre son fils, et contre son frère, afin que vous attiriez aujourd'hui sur vous la bénédiction.

30 Et le lendemain Moïse dit au peuple : vous avez commis un grand péché; mais je monterai maintenant vers l'Eternel; et peut-être, je ferai propitiation pour votre péché.

31 Moïse donc retourna vers l'Eternel, et dit : hélas! je te prie, ce peuple a commis un grand péché, en se faisant des dieux d'or.

32 Mais maintenant pardonne-leur leur péché; sinon, efface-moi maintenant de ton livre, que tu as écrit.

33 Et l'Eternel répondit à Moïse : qui aura péché contre moi, je l'effacerai de mon livre.

34 Va maintenant, conduis le peuple au lieu duquel je t'ai parlé; voici, mon Ange ira devant toi; et le jour que je ferai punition, je punirai sur eux leur péché.

35 Ainsi l'Eternel frappa le peuple, parce qu'ils avaient été les auteurs du Veau qu'Aaron avait fait.

   

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Arcana Coelestia # 2180

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2180. 'And took a young bull, tender and good' means a celestial-natural which the rational took to itself in order that it might join itself to perception from the Divine. This is clear from the meaning of 'a young bull' or 'a son of an ox' in the Word as natural good. And because the subject is the Lord's Rational, it is called 'tender' from the celestial-spiritual, which is truth grounded in good, and 'good' from the celestial itself, which is good itself. Within the genuine rational there is both the affection for truth and the affection for good, but that which is first and foremost there is the affection for truth, as shown already in 2072. This explains why 'tender' is mentioned before 'good'; but even so, as is quite usual in the Word, both are mentioned on account of the marriage of truth and good which is referred to above in 2173.

[2] That 'a young bull' or 'a son of an ox' means the celestial-natural, or what amounts to the same, natural good, becomes especially clear from the sacrifices, which were the principal representatives in the worship of the Hebrew Church and after this of the Jewish Church. Their sacrifices were made either from the herd or from the flock, thus from animals of various kinds that were clean, such as oxen, young bulls, he-goats, sheep, rams, she-goats, kids, and lambs, besides doves and fledgling pigeons. All of these creatures meant the internal features of worship, that is, celestial and spiritual things, 2165, 2177, those from the herd meaning celestial-natural, those from the flock celestial-rational. Because both of these - natural things and rational things - are more and more interior and are various, so many genera and so many species of these creatures were therefore employed in sacrifices. This fact becomes clear also from its being laid down as to which creatures were to be offered in burnt offerings and also which in every kind of sacrifice - the daily sacrifices; those offered on sabbaths and at festivals; those made as free-will, eucharistic, or votive offerings; and those offered in purifications, cleansings, and also in inaugurations. Which creatures were to be used, and how many, in each kind of sacrifice is mentioned explicitly. This would never have been done unless each one had had some specific meaning, as is quite evident from those places where the sacrifices are the subject, as in Chapter 29 of Exodus; Chapters 1, 3, 4, 9, 16, and 23 of Leviticus; and Chapters 7, 8, 15, and 29 of Numbers. But this is not the place to explain what each one meant. The situation is similar in the Prophets where those animals are mentioned, from which it may become clear that young bulls meant celestial-natural things.

[3] That none but heavenly things were meant becomes clear also from the cherubim seen by Ezekiel and from the living creatures before the throne which were seen by John. Regarding the cherubim the prophet says,

The likeness of their faces was the face of a man (homo); and they four had the face of a lion on the right side; and they four had the face of an ox on the left side; and they four had the face of an eagle. Ezekiel 1:10.

Regarding the four living creatures before the throne John says,

Around the throne were four living creatures - the first living creature was like a lion, the second living creature like a young bull, the third living creature had a face like a man (homo), the fourth living creature was like a flying eagle - saying, Holy, holy, holy is the Lord God Almighty, who was, and who is, and who is to come. Revelation 4:7-8.

Anyone may see that holy things were represented by the cherubim and these living creatures, thus also by the oxen and young bulls in the sacrifices. The same applies in the prophecy of Moses concerning Joseph,

Let it come upon the head of Joseph and upon the crown of the head of the Nazirite among his brothers. The firstborn of his ox has honour, and his horns are the horns of a unicorn; with these he will thrust the peoples together, to the ends of the earth. Deuteronomy 33:16-17.

These words are not intelligible to anyone unless he knows what ox, unicorn, horns, and many other things mean in the internal sense.

[4] As for sacrifices in general they were indeed commanded to the Israelites through Moses. But the Most Ancient Church which existed before the Flood never knew anything at all about sacrifices, nor did it ever enter their minds to worship the Lord by the slaughtering of animals. The Ancient Church which existed after the Flood knew nothing about it either. Representatives did indeed exist there, but not sacrifices. These were first introduced in the subsequent Church called the Hebrew Church, and from there they spread to the gentile nations, and even to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and so to Jacob's descendants. The fact that the gentile nations had sacrificial worship has been shown in 1343, and the fact that Jacob's descendants also had such worship before they left Egypt, thus before sacrifices were commanded through Moses on Mount Sinai, becomes clear from Exodus 5:3; 10:25, 27; 18:12; 24:4-5.

[5] This is especially clear from their idolatrous worship in front of the golden calf, regarding which the following is said in Moses,

Aaron built an altar in front of the calf, and Aaron made a proclamation and said, Tomorrow there will be a feast to Jehovah. And they rose up early the next morning and presented burnt offerings and brought peace offerings. And the people sat down to eat and drink, and rose up to play. Exodus 32:5-6.

This happened while Moses was on Mount Sinai, and so before the command came to them regarding the altar and the sacrifices. That command came to them for the reason that sacrificial worship among them had been turned, as it had among the gentiles, into idolatrous worship, from which they could not be drawn away because they looked upon it as-the chief holy thing. Once something has been implanted in people from their earliest years as being holy, the more so if received from their fathers, and thus is inrooted, the Lord in no way breaks it - provided it is not contrary to order itself - but bends it. This was the reason for its being laid down that the sacrificial system should be established, such as one reads in the books of Moses.

[6] The fact that sacrifices were by no means acceptable to Jehovah, and so were merely permitted and tolerated for the reason just stated, is quite evident in the Prophets. Concerning them the following is said in Jeremiah,

Thus said Jehovah Zebaoth, the God of Israel, Add your burnt offerings on to your sacrifices, and eat the flesh. I did not speak with your fathers and I did not command them on the day I brought them out of the land of Egypt on the matters of burnt offering and sacrifice. But this matter I commanded them, saying, Obey My voice, and I will be your God. Jeremiah 7:21-23.

In David,

O Jehovah, sacrifice and offering You have not desired; burnt offering and sin-sacrifices You have not sought. I have delighted to do Your will, O my God. Psalms 40:6, 8.

In the same author,

You do not delight in sacrifice that I should give it; burnt offering You do not accept. The sacrifices of God are a contrite spirit. Psalms 51:16-17.

In the same author,

I will not take any young bull from your house, nor he-goats from your folds. Sacrifice to God confession. Psalms 50:9, 14; 107:21-22; 116:17; Deuteronomy 23:18.

In Hosea,

I desire mercy and not sacrifice, and the knowledge of God rather than burnt offerings. Hosea 6:6.

Samuel said to Saul,

Has Jehovah great delight in burnt offerings and sacrifices? Behold, to be submissive is better than sacrifice, to be obedient than the fat of rams. - 1 Samuel 15:22.

In Micah,

With what shall I come before Jehovah and bow myself to God on high? Shall I come before Him with burnt offerings, with calves a year old? Will Jehovah be pleased with thousands of rams, with tens of thousands of rivers of oil? He has shown you, O man, what is good; and what does Jehovah require of you but to carry out judgement, and to love mercy, and to humble yourself by walking with your God? Micah 6:6-8.

[7] From these quotations it is now evident that sacrifices were not commanded but permitted, and also that in sacrifices nothing else was regarded except that which was internal, and that it was that which was internal that was pleasing, not that which was external. For this reason also the Lord abolished them, as was also foretold through Daniel in the following words when he was speaking about the Lord's Coming,

In the middle of the week He will cause the sacrifice and the offering to cease. Daniel 9:27.

See what has been stated about sacrifices in Volume One, in 922, 923, 1128, 1823. As for 'the young bull' which Abraham made ready or prepared for the three men, the meaning is similar to that of the same animals when used in sacrifices. That it had a similar meaning becomes clear also from the fact that he told Sarah to take three measures of fine flour. Regarding the fine flour that went with the offering of a young bull the following is said in Moses - referring to when they were to come into the land,

When you make ready a young bull for a burnt offering or a sacrifice in the declaring of a vow, or for peace offerings to Jehovah, you shall bring with the young bull a minchah of three tenths of fine flour mixed with oil. Numbers 15:8-9.

Here similarly the number 'three' appears, though three 'tenths' here but three 'measures' in Abraham's instruction to Sarah. But only two tenths went with the offering of a ram, one tenth with that of a lamb, Numbers 15:4-6.

  
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Thanks to the Swedenborg Society for the permission to use this translation.